Turkey: The Slippery Slope from Reformist to Revolutionary Polarization and Democratic Breakdown
Turkey: The Slippery Slope from Reformist to Revolutionary Polarization and Democratic Breakdown
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土耳其：从改良主义到革命两极分化和民主崩溃的滑坡
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
Murat Somer
中科院分区：
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作者：
Murat Somer
在正义与发展党和雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安的领导下，土耳其已成为世界上最两极分化的国家之一，并经历了重大的民主崩溃。这篇文章解释了两极分化和民主崩溃是如何发生的，认为这是基于一个内置的，反常的动态“独裁螺旋的两极分化暨变革政治”。此外，我确定了十个因果机制，产生了有害的两极分化和民主侵蚀。土耳其自2002年以来的转型是在新精英和主导集团统治下民主侵蚀这一更广泛现象的一个例子。恶性两极分化的原因和后果分析的四个子阶段：2002-2006年，2007年，2008-2013年，2014年至今。最后，一开始作为一种潜在的改革主义政治的两极分化和转型演变成一个独裁革命。在这一过程中，两极分化和正义与发展党的政策;自民族国家形成以来一直是分裂暗流的形成性裂痕的政治化;结构性转变;以及反对派的组织、纲领和个人缺点相互助长和加强。
Under the Justice and Development Party AKP and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkey has become one of the most polarized countries in the world, and has undergone a significant democratic breakdown. This article explains how polarization and democratic breakdown happened, arguing that it was based on the built-in, perverse dynamics of an “authoritarian spiral of polarizing-cum-transformative politics.” Furthermore, I identify ten causal mechanisms that have produced pernicious polarization and democratic erosion. Turkey’s transformation since 2002 is an example of the broader phenomenon of democratic erosion under new elites and dominant groups. The causes and consequences of pernicious polarization are analyzed in terms of four subperiods: 2002–2006, 2007, 2008–2013, and 2014–present. In the end, what began as a potentially reformist politics of polarization-cum-transformation morphed into an autocratic-revolutionary one. During this process, polarization and AKP policies; the politicization of formative rifts that had been a divisive undercurrent since nation-state formation; structural transformations; and the opposition’s organizational, programmatic, and personal shortcomings fed and reinforced each other.