Origin and Dispersal of Domesticated Peach Palm
Origin and Dispersal of Domesticated Peach Palm
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2017.00148
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发表时间：
2017-11-29
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Picanco-Rodrigues, Doriane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clement, Charles R.;de Cristo-Araujo, Michelly;Picanco-Rodrigues, Doriane
桃棕榈（Bactris gasipaes Kunth）是美洲原住民驯化的新热带棕榈。它的驯化产生了一系列地方品种（变种。gasipaes），一些非常淀粉水果用于发酵，其他人与平衡的淀粉和油用作小吃。三种野生型（var.目前尚不清楚驯化过程的开始，有三种假设正在讨论中：亚马逊西南部的起源;或在南美洲西北部;或多个起源。我们重新评估了其中一个野生类型，将其定义为早期驯化，然后使用巴西桃棕榈核心保藏中心和选定的标本室样本评估这些假设：（1）模拟野生和驯化种群的潜在分布;（2）通过叶绿体DNA序列的地理分布分析确定驯化的可能起源;（3）利用17个核微卫星位点的遗传多样性空间分析，确定驯化后的扩散途径。这两个非常小的果实野生型有不同的分布在北方安第斯山脉地区和整个南部亚马逊河流域，都在适度潮湿的气候下，而初期驯化，部分同域与南部野生型，也发现沿着赤道安第斯山脉，在一个更潮湿的气候信封，更类似于驯化的地方品种。末次冰期最大值条件下的两个分布模型（CCSM 4，MIROC）也表明两个野生种群的不同分布。叶绿体DNA的同源地理网络证实了在亚马逊河西南部的早期驯化和南部野生型的同域区作为驯化的起源。遗传多样性的空间格局证实了两个分散的建议，一个沿着乌卡亚利河，到亚马逊河西部，南美洲西北部，最后中美洲;其他沿着马德拉河到中部，然后亚马逊河东部。第一次传播导致非常淀粉的水果发酵，而第二次可能是后来，并导致零食水果。亚马逊西南部的进一步探索对于更精确地识别最早的事件至关重要，无论是新的考古方法还是更大样本的遗传分析。
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is a Neotropical palm domesticated by Native Americans. Its domestication resulted in a set of landraces (var. gasipaes), some with very starchy fruit used for fermentation, others with an equilibrium of starch and oil used as snacks. Which of the three wild types (var. chichagui) was involved and where the domestication process began are unclear, with three hypotheses under discussion: an origin in southwestern Amazonia; or in northwestern South America; or multiple origins. We reevaluate one of the wild types, defining it as the incipient domesticate, and then evaluate these hypotheses using the Brazilian peach palm Core Collection and selected herbaria samples to: (1) model the potential distributions of wild and domesticated populations; (2) identify the probable origin of domestication with a phylogeographic analysis of chloroplast DNA sequences; and (3) determine the dispersal routes after domestication using spatial analysis of genetic diversity based on 17 nuclear microsatellite loci. The two very small-fruited wild types have distinct distributions in the northern Andes region and across southern Amazonia, both under moderately humid climates, while the incipient domesticate, partly sympatric with the southern wild type, is also found along the Equatorial Andes, in a more humid climatic envelope, more similar to that of the domesticated landraces. Two distribution models for Last Glacial Maximum conditions (CCSM4, MIROC) also suggest distinct distributions for the two wild populations. The chloroplast DNA phylogeographic network confirms the area of sympatry of the incipient domesticate and the southern wild type in southwestern Amazonia as the origin of domestication. The spatial patterns of genetic diversity confirm the proposal of two dispersals, one along the Ucayali River, into western Amazonia, northwestern South America and finally Central America; the other along the Madeira River into central and then eastern Amazonia. The first dispersal resulted in very starchy fruit for fermentation, while the second may have been later and resulted in snack fruits. Further explorations of southwestern Amazonia are essential for more precise identification of the earliest events, both with new archeological methods and genetic analyses with larger samples.