Pollen Viability and Fruit Set of Tomato Genotypes under Optimumand High-temperature Regimes
Pollen Viability and Fruit Set of Tomato Genotypes under Optimumand High-temperature Regimes
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最佳高温条件下番茄基因型的花粉活力和坐果率
DOI：
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发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Stommel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Abdul;J. Stommel
耐热敏感番茄的研究和L. pimpinellifolium（Jusl.）Mill.基因型在温室中在最佳（27/23 ℃，白天/夜晚）和高温（35/23 ℃）胁迫条件下生长。通过测定高温和最适温度下的座果率来确定基因型的耐热性水平。在最适温度下，耐热基因型和热敏基因型的座果率分别为45%~ 91%和41%~ 84%。在高温下，大多数热敏感基因型不坐果。耐热基因型的坐果率为45%~ 65%。在最适温度条件下生长的基因型花粉的离体萌发和试管生长在花粉经受45 ℃ 1、2和4小时之前和之后进行测定。花粉对热处理的反应是基因型依赖的，而不是高温胁迫下坐果的一般预测。0-0-43-8-1和AVRDC-CLN-475 BC 1F 2 -265- 4-19，得自亚洲蔬菜研究与发展中心，台北，台湾。洛杉矶测试的茴芹属种质是从美国农业部获得的植物引种（PI）270450、270441、365914、205009、365916和365917。植物引种站，纽约州日内瓦。将种子种植在填充有1泥炭：1园艺级蛭石（w/w）混合物（Jiffy Mix Plus; Jiffy Products，Batavia，IL.）并在27/23 ± 2 ℃昼夜循环下在温室中生长。在两片真叶期，将每个基因型的5株植株转移到绿色温室中，并保持在35/23 ± 2 ℃（白天/夜晚）的热胁迫制度下。将第二组五株植物各自保持在另一个温室中，最佳温度为27/23 ± 2 ° C（白天/夜晚）。这两组植物接受相同的管理实践（浇水、浇水、立桩和每日机械授粉），用于在温室中商业种植番茄。通过对存在的所有花序和产生的果实的花计数进行评分，直到至少六个花序已经坐果，来确定坐果百分比。当果实的直径达到≥0.5 cm时，认为果实座果（Abdul-Baki，1991; Shelby et al.，1978年;韦弗和蒂姆，1989年）。在我们的最佳温度条件下生长的植物作为花粉源，在体外试验中确定热暴露对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。根据Abdul-Baki（1992）的描述，使用从前5 - 6个花序每周采集2 - 3次的花粉样品，测定每个基因型的体外萌发和花粉管生长。通过机械振动从花中除去花粉并混合;将8个0.3-mg子样品置于防潮的35-mm培养皿中，并亚高温胁迫不利地影响番茄植物的营养和生殖生长过程，并最终降低产量和果实质量（Abdul-Baki，1991; Dane等人，1991; Wessel-Beaver和Scott，1992; Yakir等人，1984年）。在部分生长季节温度达到≥ 35 ℃或更高的地区，培育在高温下具有改良坐果的番茄品种对于番茄作物生产是有价值的（约翰逊和Hall，1953; Stevens和Rudich，1987）。在炎热、热带或干旱地区的野外条件下，高温（≥ 35 ℃）可持续数天，并可能延伸到24小时光暗周期的一部分黑暗期（Abdalla和Verkerk，1968）。将耐热性引入热敏商业栽培品种的努力已经引起了人们对开发用于评价来自驯化和野生番茄物种的种质的耐热性的标准的兴趣（Opena等人，1979; Villareal等人，1978年;韦弗和蒂姆，1989年）。番茄耐热性最常用的标准是植物在暴露于高温后坐果的能力。耐热性田间评价工作量大、成本高。因此，建立一种快速、经济的耐热性鉴定技术，对鉴定耐热种质具有重要意义。
Heat-tolerant and -sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. genotypes were grown in the greenhouse under optimum- (27/23C, day/night) and high-temperature (35/23C) stress regimes. Heat tolerance levels in the genotypes were established by determining percent fruit set at high and optimum temperatures. Under optimum temperature, fruit set ranged from 41% to 84% and from 45% to 91% in the heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant genotypes, respectively. Under high temperature, no fruit set in the most heat-sensitive genotypes. Fruit set in the heat-tolerant genotypes ranged from 45% to 65%. In vitro germination and tube growth of pollen taken from genotypes grown under optimum temperature conditions were determined before and after subject- ing the pollen to 45C for 1, 2, and 4 hours. The response of pollen to heat treatments was genotype dependent and not a general predictor of fruit set under high-temperature stress. 0-0-43-8-1 and AVRDC-CLN-475BC1F2-265- 4-19 obtained from the Asian Vegetable Re- search and Development Center, Taipei, Tai- wan. The L. pimpinellifolium accessions tested were plant introductions (PI) 270450, 270441, 365914, 205009, 365916, and 365917 ob- tained from the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Plant Introduction Station, Geneva, N.Y. Seeds were planted in 72-cell flats (cell size, 4 × 4 × 6 cm) filled with a 1 peat : 1 horticultural grade vermiculite (w/w) mixture (Jiffy Mix Plus; Jiffy Products, Batavia, Ill.) and were grown in the greenhouse under a 27/23 ± 2C day/night cycle. At the two true-leaf stage, five plants of each genotype were transferred to a green- house and maintained under a heat-stress re- gime of 35/23 ± 2C (day/night). A second set of five plants each was maintained in another greenhouse under optimum temperatures of 27/23 ± 2C (day/night). These two sets of plants received identical management prac- tices (fertilizing, watering, staking, and daily mechanical flower pollination) for growing tomatoes commercially in the greenhouse. Percent fruit set was determined by scoring flower counts on all inflorescences present and fruit produced until at least six inflores- cences had set fruit. A fruit was considered set when its diameter reached ≥0.5 cm (Abdul- Baki, 1991; Shelby et al., 1978; Weaver and Timm, 1989). Plants grown under our optimum tempera- ture conditions served as a pollen source in the in vitro tests for determining the effect of heat exposure on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In vitro germination and pollen tube growth from each genotype were deter- mined as described by Abdul-Baki (1992), using pollen samples collected two to three times a week from the first five to six inflores- cences. The pollen was removed from the flowers by mechanical vibration and mixed; eight 0.3-mg subsamples were placed in mois- ture-tight, 35-mm petri dishes and were sub- Heat stress adversely affects the vegetative and reproductive growth processes of tomato plants and ultimately reduces yield and fruit quality (Abdul-Baki, 1991; Dane et al., 1991; Wessel-Beaver and Scott, 1992; Yakir et al., 1984). Development of tomato cultivars with improved fruit set under high temperatures would be valuable for tomato crop production in regions where the temperature during part of the growing season reaches ≥35C or higher (Johnson and Hall, 1953; Stevens and Rudich, 1987). Under field conditions in hot, tropical, or arid regions, high temperatures ( ≥35C) can prevail for days and may extend into a portion of the dark period of the 24-h light-dark cycle (Abdalla and Verkerk, 1968). Efforts to intro- duce heat tolerance to the heat-sensitive com- mercial cultivars have prompted interest in developing criteria for evaluating germplasm from domesticated and wild tomato species for heat tolerance (Opena et al., 1979; Villareal et al., 1978; Weaver and Timm, 1989). The most commonly used criterion for tomato heat tolerance is the ability of plants to set fruit following exposure to high temperature. The effort and cost incurred in field evaluation of germplasm for heat tolerance is high. Identify- ing techniques that could be used to screen many plants quickly and economically for high-temperature tolerance would be valuable in identifying heat-tolerant germplasm.