The biocorona: a challenge for the biomedical application of nanoparticles.
The biocorona: a challenge for the biomedical application of nanoparticles.
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DOI：
10.1515/ntrev-2016-0098
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发表时间：
2017-08
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Shannahan J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shannahan J
纳米粒子表面生物冠的形成是安全有效的纳米技术发展的一个重大障碍，特别是对于具有生物医学应用的纳米粒子。在引入到生物环境中之后，纳米颗粒被生物分子快速包覆，导致纳米颗粒-生物冠的形成。这些生物分子的加入改变了纳米颗粒的物理化学特性、功能、生物分布和毒性。为了合成有效的纳米治疗药物，并更充分地了解人体暴露后可能的毒性，有必要阐明纳米颗粒和生物介质之间的相互作用，导致生物冠的形成。还需要彻底了解生物冠的添加控制纳米颗粒与细胞相互作用的机制。通过阐明生物冠的形成和生物影响，纳米技术领域可以充分发挥其潜力。这种对生物冠的理解最终将允许更有效的实验室筛选纳米颗粒和增强生物医学应用。纳米粒子生物冠的重要性已经被认识了十年;然而，仍然有许多未来的研究方向是必要的研究。本文将总结纳米粒子生物冠所带来的独特挑战和未来所需的调查途径。当纳米颗粒被放置到生物环境中时，它们的表面被各种生物分子覆盖，形成生物冠。红色三角形代表与纳米颗粒表面相互作用的第一层生物分子，称为硬生物冠。绿色圆圈表示与硬生物冠相互作用的大分子动态次级层，称为软生物冠。围绕纳米粒子生物冠是独特的挑战和未来的研究领域。总的来说，了解生物分子和纳米颗粒之间的相互作用，生物冠介导的细胞相互作用，以及由此产生的生物反应是使用纳米诊断工具和治疗所必需的。
Formation of the biocorona on the surface of nanoparticles is a significant obstacle for the development of safe and effective nanotechnologies, especially for nanoparticles with biomedical applications. Following introduction into a biological environment, nanoparticles are rapidly coated with biomolecules resulting in formation of the nanoparticle-biocorona. The addition of these biomolecules alters the nanoparticle’s physicochemical characteristics, functionality, biodistribution, and toxicity. To synthesize effective nanotherapeutics and to more fully understand possible toxicity following human exposures, it is necessary to elucidate these interactions between the nanoparticle and the biological media resulting in biocorona formation. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which the addition of the biocorona governs nanoparticle-cell interactions is also required. Through elucidating the formation and the biological impact of the biocorona, the field of nanotechnology can reach its full potential. This understanding of the biocorona will ultimately allow for more effective laboratory screening of nanoparticles and enhanced biomedical applications. The importance of the nanoparticle-biocorona has been appreciated for a decade; however, there remain numerous future directions for research which are necessary for study. This perspectives article will summarize the unique challenges presented by the nanoparticle-biocorona and avenues of future needed investigation. When nanoparticles are placed into a biological environment their surface becomes coated with a variety of biomolecules forming a biocorona. The red triangles represent the first layer of biomolecules that interact with the nanoparticle’s surface known as the hard biocorona. The green circles indicate the dynamic secondary layer of macromolecules interacting with the hard biocorona which is termed the soft biocorona. Surrounding the nanoparticle-biocorona are the unique challenges and areas for future research. Overall, an understanding of the interactions between biomolecules and nanoparticles, biocorona-mediated cellular interactions, and the resulting biological responses are necessary for the use of nano-enabled diagnostic tools and therapeutics.