A standardized nomenclature for craniofacial and facial anthropometry
A standardized nomenclature for craniofacial and facial anthropometry
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DOI：
10.1007/s00414-015-1292-1
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发表时间：
2016-05-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Stephan, Carl N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caple, Jodi;Stephan, Carl N.
长期以来，标准化的术语和方法被认为是减少测量误差和提高人体测量可靠性的关键。颅测量标志的成功使用使得这些标志外推到软组织环境中，作为类似物，直观的法医颅面分析和面部摄影测量。然而，迄今为止，这一推断并不系统。相反，面部标志存在不同的命名和定义，并且通过将3D颅骨测量标志推广到2D面部空间而使摄影分析复杂化，在2D面部空间中，随后通常失去类比，使解剖评估复杂化。例如，需要触诊颅骨或检查3D表面类型的标志是不可能合理定位的;类似的情况也适用于侧位照片中不可见的正中标志。为了解决这些问题，而不处置的颅骨测量框架，支撑许多面部标志，我们提供了一个更新的和透明的面部描述命名。这种命名法保持了最初的颅骨测量意图（和基本缩写），但在摄影背景下提供了明确的界限不清的（准）标志，如当解剖点仅从阴影信息的形状主观推断时所产生的。
Standardized terms and methods have long been recognized as crucial to reduce measurement error and increase reliability in anthropometry. The successful prior use of craniometric landmarks makes extrapolation of these landmarks to the soft tissue context, as analogs, intuitive for forensic craniofacial analyses and facial photogrammetry. However, this extrapolation has not, so far, been systematic. Instead, varied nomenclature and definitions exist for facial landmarks, and photographic analyses are complicated by the generalization of 3D craniometric landmarks to the 2D face space where analogy is subsequently often lost, complicating anatomical assessments. For example, landmarks requiring palpation of the skull or the examination of the 3D surface typology are impossible to legitimately position; similar applies to median landmarks not visible in lateral photographs. To redress these issues without disposing of the craniometric framework that underpins many facial landmarks, we provide an updated and transparent nomenclature for facial description. This nomenclature maintains the original craniometric intent (and base abbreviations) but provides clear distinction of ill-defined (quasi) landmarks in photographic contexts, as produced when anatomical points are subjectively inferred from shape-from-shading information alone.