Zinc and copper: Proposed fortification levels and recommended zinc compounds
Zinc and copper: Proposed fortification levels and recommended zinc compounds
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DOI：
10.1093/jn/133.9.2985s
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Rosado, JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rosado, JL
在食品中添加微量营养素强化剂现在是全世界克服微量营养素缺乏症的一个非常重要的工具。最近的数据表明，亚临床缺锌是普遍的;在墨西哥的一项全国性调查显示，25%的儿童不到11岁的血浆锌浓度低于10.0 mumol/L（65 mug/dL）。人群中的铜缺乏是未知的，但建议补充铜，伴随锌补充。在可供强化的食物中，主食谷物是减少微量营养素缺乏症的最佳选择。由于其更高的稳定性和更低的成本，我们建议用氧化锌强化谷物粉，氧化锌和不太稳定和更昂贵的锌形式一样被吸收。根据预期食用的食物量，主食的锌强化可以是20-50 mg/kg面粉。对于铜强化，更安全的化合物是葡萄糖酸铜。硫酸铜的价格要便宜得多，但建议对影响最终食品的潜在物理化学反应进行评估。主食中铜的建议添加量为1.2-3.0 mg/kg面粉。对于作为补充计划的一部分设计的食品补充剂，以减少3岁以下儿童的微量营养素缺乏症，最终产品的剂量（通常类似于40 -50 g）应含有类似于4 -5 mg的锌和类似于0.2 -0.4 mg的铜，这取决于习惯饮食，缺乏的程度和补充的时间。
Micronutrient fortification of foods is now a highly relevant tool worldwide for overcoming micronutrient deficiency. Recent data show that subclinical zinc deficiency is widespread; in Mexico a national survey showed that 25% of children less than age 11 y had plasma zinc concentrations below 10.0 mumol/L (65 mug/dL). Copper deficiency in populations is unknown but copper supplementation is recommended to accompany zinc supplementation. Of the foods available for fortification, staple cereals are very good candidates for reducing micronutrient deficiencies. Because of its higher stability and lower cost, we recommend fortification of cereal flours with zinc oxide, which is absorbed as well as the less stable and more expensive forms of zinc. Depending on the amount of the food that is expected to be eaten, zinc fortification of staple foods could be 20-50 mg/kg of flour. For copper fortification the safer compound is copper gluconate. Copper sulfate is significantly less expensive, but an evaluation of potential physicochemical reactions that affect the final food product is recommended. The suggested amount of copper added to staple foods is 1.2-3.0 mg/kg of flour. For food supplements designed as part of supplementation programs to reduce micronutrient deficiency in children less than age 3 y, a dose of the final product (usually similar to40-50 g) should contain similar to4-5 mg of zinc and similar to0.2-0.4 mg of copper depending on the habitual diet, magnitude of deficiencies and period of supplementation.