Export Intermediaries: Small Business Perceptions of Services and Performance
Export Intermediaries: Small Business Perceptions of Services and Performance
复制标题
出口中介机构：小型企业对服务和绩效的看法
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Donald M. Moliver
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Noble;Richard M. Castaldi;Donald M. Moliver
摘要：利用商业出口公司的小型企业Cent vingt-quetite petites entreprises ont埃特soumises a une enquete，afin d 'identifier le type de services intermediaires qu'elles attendent des compagnies de commerce d 'exportation（ETCs）.利用ETCs的小型企业ont permis d evalueradegre de performance pour services rendus. A 1出口的结果是小企业的出口附加了最高的价格，而不是ETC的效率提高了。国际市场的复杂性和挑战阻碍了许多中小型公司的进入。大多数较小的公司不具备必要的管理知识和专业知识，无法了解在美国境外销售产品的动态。然而，考虑到国内竞争加剧、市场成熟和市场机会减少的前景，加上美元走软，美国小企业必须更有力地考虑进入世界市场。为了帮助这一努力，国会于1982年通过了《出口贸易公司法》。这项立法的目的是鼓励美国公司通过成立出口贸易公司（ETC）参与国际贸易，这些公司可以帮助中小型公司进行出口。这些中介组织的ETC模式是以日本和欧洲的贸易公司为基础的，这些公司几个世纪以来一直在为国内产业开发世界市场。国会希望通过修改反托拉斯标准，减少贸易融资限制，允许银行和其他金融机构投资于这类企业，刺激贸易公司的发展，这些公司能够处理希望在世界市场上竞争的国内较小公司的国际职能。在《ETC法》开始实施以来的五年中，其支持者所设想的积极成果未能实现。到1985年10月，商务部仅向全国57家贸易公司颁发了出口贸易审查证书。其中，40个ETCs由银行控股公司（银行ETCs）组成，总授权资本约为8 400万美元。不幸的是，有能力生产“可出口”产品的小公司并没有广泛接受ETC作为帮助进入国际市场的工具。出口律师托马斯约翰逊指出，“该法案并没有影响公司开始或停止贸易（而是）那些已经有经验的人得到了该法案所阐明的额外安慰。“一个问题可能在于往往从一开始就排除国内较小公司出口的各种态度。这种态度可能源于小企业所有者/管理者认为为国外市场规划、组织和调整产品的复杂性，沿着的是他们认为实施出口战略是昂贵的，以及他们普遍缺乏对政府资助的出口计划的认识或信任。然而，一个更基本和普遍的问题可能直接与ETCS通常为其导出客户端提供的服务的范围和类型有关。可能的情况是，人们认为目前由出口贸易中心提供的服务与希望向外国市场出口产品的小公司关系不大或没有帮助。本研究报告的目的是调查位于新泽西的现有和潜在的小企业出口商的中介需求。还审查了现在使用ETC的公司对ETC绩效的感知水平。这项研究建立在德诺布尔和贝尔奇进行的类似研究的基础上，他们分析了位于南加州的类似公司。本研究 * 调查的中介需求，目前和潜在的小企业出口商位于新泽西，以确定哪些服务提供的ETC被认为是重要的，哪些被认为是不重要的。…
ABSTRACT: UTILISATION DES COMPAGNIES DE COMMERCE D'EXPORTA TION PAR LES PETITES ENTREPRISES Cent vingt-quatre petites entreprises ont ete soumises a une enquete, afin d'identifier le type de services intermediaires qu'elles attendent des compagnies de commerce d'exportation (ETCs).Les commentaires des entreprises ayant deja utilise les ETCs ont permis d evaluerleur degre de performance pour services rendus. Les resultats de 1'enquete suggerent que leg services A 1'exportation auxquels les petites entreprises attachent le plus de prix, ne sont pas ceux que les ETCs rendent avec le plus d'efficacite. The complexities and challenges of the international marketplace inhibit the entrance of many small- and medium-sized firms. Most smaller firms do not have the management knowledge and expertise necessary to understand the dynamics of selling their products outside the United States. However, given the prospects of stronger competition, maturing markets and declining market opportunities at home, plus a weakening dollar, American small businesses must give stronger consideration to entering world markets. To assist in this effort, Congress passed the Export Trading Company Act in 1982. The objective of this legislation was to encourage involvement of U.S. companies in international trade through the formation of export trading companies (ETCs) which could aid smaller- and mid-sized firms in their export endeavors. The ETC model for these intermediary organizations was based on Japanese and European trading firms that have been developing world markets for domestic industries for centuries. By modifying antitrust criteria, reducing trade financing restrictions, and allowing banks and other financial institutions to invest in such ventures, Congress hoped to stimulate the development of trading firms which could handle the international functions of smaller domestic firms desiring to compete in world markets. In the five years since the inception of the ETC Act, the positive results envisioned by its proponents have failed to materialize. By October 1985, the Department of Commerce had issued export trading certificates of review to only 57 trading companies nationwide. Of this total, 40 ETCs had been formed by bank holding companies (bank ETCs) with a total authorized capitalization of approximately $84 million. Unfortunately, smaller firms capable of producing "exportable" products have not widely embraced ETC s as a vehicle to assist in entering international markets. Thomas Johnson, an export attorney, noted, "The Act did not influence companies to start or stop trading (but instead) those already experienced were given the additional comfort the Act spelled out." One problem may lie in the various attitudes that tend to preclude smaller domestic firms from exporting in the first place. Such attitudes may stem from the complexity small firm owner/ managers believe is involved in planning, organizing, and adjusting products for foreign markets, along with their belief that implementing export strategies is expensive, and their general lack of awareness about or trust in government-sponsored export programs. However, a more fundamental and pervasive problem may relate directly to the range and type of services that ETCS typically provide their export clients. Possibly, the services currently offered by ETCs are not perceived as germane or helpful to small firms that desire to export their products to foreign markets. The purpose of the study reported here is to investigate the intermediary needs of present and potential small business exporters located in New Jersey. The perceived level of performance of ETCs by firms which now use them was also examined. This study builds upon a similar study conducted by De Noble and Belch, who analyzed similar firms located in southern California. The present study * Investigates the intermediary needs of present and potential small business exporters located in New Jersey to determine which services provided by the ETCs are perceived as important and which are considered unimportant. …