Origin of the hominidae : the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my
Origin of the hominidae : the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my
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人科起源：14世纪至4世纪非洲大型人科动物进化记录
DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
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发表时间：
1988
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
S. Ward
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Hill;S. Ward
人科可能起源于14万年前至4万年前的非洲。不幸的是，这个时期和地区的化石证据相对较少。我们认为只有11个标本是明确的人科动物，而且没有一个保存了大量的解剖结构。他们来自一个非常有限的地理区域。其中两个来自埃塞俄比亚，其余的来自肯尼亚，大多数都是在巴林戈湖以西的图根丘陵地区发现的。迄今为止，还没有明确的化石证据表明祖先大猩猩或潘。目前已知的最古老的原始人类--在这里使用的意义上--可能可以追溯到5.6万年前。与其他类群一样，在人科古生物学中，一个特别有趣的问题是外在因素与物种形成的关系。为了解决这个问题，诊断和良好的标本是必要的。然而，它们不需要在解剖学上壮观。碎片标本虽然在解剖学上不完美，但在确定分类学分支点方面，它可以和更完整的材料一样有效。人科的起源，或者至少是两足动物的起源，与从热带森林到大面积草原的区域性环境变化有着不可思议的联系。从非洲各地，特别是图根山收集的证据表明，这不是一个突然的转变。栖息地的格局在空间和时间上可能是不完整的。这可能是原始人分支起源和发展的一个因素。最近已经取得了很大的进展，但进一步的人科标本，再加上环境信息，从校准序列，是必要的，以阐明的性质和原因的支序分支的超家庭。人类进化中的一些长期问题是基本问题。第一个人科物种与其他人科物种的区别在哪里？这件事是什么时候发生的？第一个原始人长什么样？人科的分化和随后的辐射的直接原因是什么？回答其中一些问题比回答其他问题要容易，至少在一般意义上是这样。关于人类进化的地点，选择性的引用常常将原始人在非洲进化的观点归因于达尔文，现在认为这是正确的。在《人类的起源》（1871年）中，达尔文指出了世界上每一个大地区的灭绝物种和现存物种之间的一般关系，他以典型的谨慎态度写道：“因此，非洲以前很可能居住着与大猩猩和黑猩猩密切相关的灭绝猿类;由于这两个物种的灭绝，
The Hominidae probably originated in Africa sometime be- tween 14 my and 4 my ago. Unfortunately the fossil evidence from this time period and region is relatively poor. We regard only 11 specimens as unambig- uous hominoids, and none preserves a great amount of anatomy. They come from a very restricted geographical region. Two are from Ethiopia and the rest from Kenya, where most have been found in the Tugen Hills succession west of Lake Baringo. No unequivocal fossil evidence of ancestral Gorilla or Pan has yet been recognised. The oldest hominid yet known-in the sense used here-probably dates to greater than 5.6 my. One especially interesting question in the paleobiology of the hominoidea, as in other taxa, is the relation of extrinsic factors to speciation. To resolve this issue, diagnostic and well-dated specimens are necessary. However, they need not be anatomically spectacular. Fragmentary specimens, although imperfect anatomically, can be just as effective as more complete material in defining taxonomic branch- ing points. The origin of Hominidae, or at least bipedalism, has been conjec- turally associated with a regional environmental change from tropical forest to widespread grassland. Evidence accumulating from various parts of Africa, particularly the Tugen Hills, suggests this was not an abrupt transition. The pattern of habitats was probably patchy in space and time. This may have been a factor in the origin and development of the hominid clade. Much progress has recently been made, but further hominoid specimens, coupled with environmental information from well-calibrated sequences, is necessary to elucidate the nature and causes of cladistic branching within the superfamily . Some perennial problems in human evolution are the basic ones. Where did the first hominid species diverge from other hominoids? When did this event take place? What did the first hominid look like? And what were the proximate causes of the divergence and subsequent radiation of the Hominidae? It is easier to answer some of these questions than others, at least in a general way. With regard to the location of human evolution, selective quotation often attributes to Darwin the perception, now believed to be correct, that hominids evolved in Africa. In The Descent of Man (1871), having pointed out the general relation between extinct and extant species in each great region of the world, Darwin writes with typical caution: "It is therefore probable that Africa was formerly inhabited by extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee; and as these two species