Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo abelii) forethought:: self-control and pre-experience in the face of future tool use
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo abelii) forethought:: self-control and pre-experience in the face of future tool use
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-008-0157-0
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发表时间：
2008-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Osvath, Helena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Osvath, Mathias;Osvath, Helena
规划未来的需求传统上被认为是局限于人类的认知。虽然最近对大型猿类和鸦科动物认知的研究挑战了这一信念，但人类规划的起源在很大程度上仍然是未知的。除了我们人类以外，任何现存的灵长类动物都没有令人满意地建立起未来规划的复杂技能。对人类来说，规划未来需求在很大程度上依赖于两种至关重要的能力，这两种能力都是我们认知的核心：自我控制，通常被定义为抑制即时驱动以支持延迟奖励，以及心理时间旅行，可以被描述为对过去或未来事件的超然心理体验。未来的规划与其他高复杂性的认知有关，如元认知和通常不属于动物的意识。在一系列的四个实验的基础上使用的工具，我们表明，黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）和猩猩（Pongo abelii）推翻眼前的驱动器有利于未来的需求，他们不只是依靠联想学习或语义展望时，面对一个规划任务。这些结果表明，类人猿通过与当前驱动力竞争和在精神上预先体验即将发生的事件来规划未来。这表明，在人类未来规划中使用的先进的心理能力是由比以前认为的更古老的物种共享的。
Planning for future needs has traditionally been considered to be restricted to human cognition. Although recent studies on great ape and corvid cognition challenge this belief, the phylogenesis of human planning remains largely unknown. The complex skill for future planning has not yet been satisfactorily established in any other extant primate species than our own. In humans, planning for future needs rely heavily on two overarching capacities, both of which lie at the heart of our cognition: self-control, often defined as the suppression of immediate drives in favor of delayed rewards, and mental time travel, which could be described as a detached mental experience of a past or future event. Future planning is linked to additional high complexity cognition such as metacognition and a consciousness usually not attributed to animals. In a series of four experiments based on tool use, we demonstrate that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and orangutans (Pongo abelii) override immediate drives in favor of future needs, and they do not merely rely on associative learning or semantic prospection when confronted with a planning task. These results suggest that great apes engage in planning for the future by out competing current drives and mentally pre-experiencing an upcoming event. This suggests that the advanced mental capacities utilized in human future planning are shared by phylogenetically more ancient species than previously believed.