The Invasion of the Land in Deep Time: Integrating Paleozoic Records of Paleobiology, Ichnology, Sedimentology, and Geomorphology
The Invasion of the Land in Deep Time: Integrating Paleozoic Records of Paleobiology, Ichnology, Sedimentology, and Geomorphology
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icac059
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发表时间：
2022-05-31
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Shillito, Anthony P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buatois, Luis A.;Davies, Neil S.;Shillito, Anthony P.
对陆地的入侵是一个复杂而漫长的过程，其间不时出现大规模物种灭绝，涉及从海洋环境出发的多种途径。我们整合了古生物学、技术、沉积学和地貌学来重建古生代的陆地化。寒武纪景观以河岸不稳定的横向流动河流为主，缺乏植被。节肢动物和蠕虫样生物对沿海环境的暂时入侵显然没有导致大陆群落的建立。同时期的湖泊动物群可能受到有限的营养输送和高泥沙负荷的抑制。奥陶纪早期陆生植物的出现引发了全球粘土矿物工厂主要地点的转移，增加了大陆上泥岩的数量。志留纪-泥盆纪维管陆生植物的兴起，包括第一批森林和广泛的根系，有助于进一步保留冲积平原上的细沉积物。这些创新增加了辫状和蜿蜒河流的建筑复杂性。在河岸地区、废弃河道、湖缘、短暂湖泊和内陆沙漠中，景观变化与淡水和陆生节肢动物的建立是同步的。志留纪-泥盆纪湖泊由于磷酸盐风化和陆生腐殖质的增加，营养物质的有效性得到改善。所有这些变化都有利于淡水栖息地中无颌和有颌鱼类的频繁入侵和随后的四足动物在陆地上的殖民。石炭纪见证了四足动物的快速多样化，主要与水生繁殖和陆地植物，包括裸子植物有关。更深的根系进一步促进了河岸的稳定，促进了分支河流和植被岛屿辫状系统的兴起。水生昆虫的新谱系发展和扩展了新的摄食方式，包括草食。晚古生代的土壤通常含有无处不在的根和千足虫痕迹。湖泊动物群落多样化，伴随着食物网复杂性的增加和食物传递的改善，这可能有利于近海和深水湖泊环境的永久殖民。这种趋势在二叠纪继续，但逐渐的干旱化有利于形成高盐湖泊，这对殖民来说是有压力的。卡皮塔尼亚和二叠纪末的灭绝影响了湖泊和河流生物，特别是无脊椎动物，尽管挖洞可能使一些四足动物在与全球变暖和干旱加剧有关的环境中幸存下来。
The invasion of the land was a complex, protracted process, punctuated by mass extinctions, that involved multiple routes from marine environments. We integrate paleobiology, ichnology, sedimentology, and geomorphology to reconstruct Paleozoic terrestrialization. Cambrian landscapes were dominated by laterally mobile rivers with unstable banks in the absence of significant vegetation. Temporary incursions by arthropods and worm-like organisms into coastal environments apparently did not result in establishment of continental communities. Contemporaneous lacustrine faunas may have been inhibited by limited nutrient delivery and high sediment loads. The Ordovician appearance of early land plants triggered a shift in the primary locus of the global clay mineral factory, increasing the amount of mudrock on the continents. The Silurian-Devonian rise of vascular land plants, including the first forests and extensive root systems, was instrumental in further retaining fine sediment on alluvial plains. These innovations led to increased architectural complexity of braided and meandering rivers. Landscape changes were synchronous with establishment of freshwater and terrestrial arthropod faunas in overbank areas, abandoned fluvial channels, lake margins, ephemeral lakes, and inland deserts. Silurian-Devonian lakes experienced improved nutrient availability, due to increased phosphate weathering and terrestrial humic matter. All these changes favoured frequent invasions to permament establishment of jawless and jawed fishes in freshwater habitats and the subsequent tetrapod colonization of the land. The Carboniferous saw rapid diversification of tetrapods, mostly linked to aquatic reproduction, and land plants, including gymnosperms. Deeper root systems promoted further riverbank stabilization, contributing to the rise of anabranching rivers and braided systems with vegetated islands. New lineages of aquatic insects developed and expanded novel feeding modes, including herbivory. Late Paleozoic soils commonly contain pervasive root and millipede traces. Lacustrine animal communities diversified, accompanied by increased food-web complexity and improved food delivery which may have favored permanent colonization of offshore and deep-water lake environments. These trends continued in the Permian, but progressive aridification favored formation of hypersaline lakes, which were stressful for colonization. The Capitanian and end-Permian extinctions affected lacustrine and fluvial biotas, particularly the invertebrate infauna, although burrowing may have allowed some tetrapods to survive associated global warming and increased aridification.