E-waste in Vietnam: a narrative review of environmental contaminants and potential health risks
E-waste in Vietnam: a narrative review of environmental contaminants and potential health risks
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DOI：
10.1515/reveh-2022-0233
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发表时间：
2023-02
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
K. Poudel;R. M. Ketema;Hien Thi Thu Ngo;Atsuko Ikeda;Machiko Minatoya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Poudel;R. M. Ketema;Hien Thi Thu Ngo;Atsuko Ikeda;Machiko Minatoya
摘要：非正式的电子废物拆解活动会导致有害化合物释放到环境中，并可能危害人类及其健康。这些有害化合物包括持久性有机污染物（POP）、多环芳烃（PAH）和重金属。本综述检索了有关越南电子废物回收活动中排放的有害化合物及其对健康影响的论文。根据在三个电子数据库（PubMed、Psych Info 和 Google Scholar）中搜索的关键词，我们找到了 21 篇越南的相关研究。审查发现越南北部地区存在广泛的电子垃圾拆解活动。为了测量危险化合物的环境暴露程度，对电子废物回收车间灰尘、土壤、空气和沉积物等样本进行了评估，同时使用参与者的头发、血清或母乳样本测量了人体暴露水平。比较电子废物回收地点和参考地点的暴露水平的研究表明，在电子废物回收地点参与者的环境和人体样本中观察到较高水平的多溴联苯醚、多氯联苯和重金属。在环境样本中，电子垃圾回收场灰尘中检出的有害化学物质最多。考虑到环境和人类样本，电子废物处理场所观察到的 PBDE 最高暴露差异比参考场所高 2-48 倍。电子废物处理场所的 PCB 含量比参考场所高出近 3 倍。在电子废物处理场所，在老年回收商的血清样本中观察到特定年龄的较高 PCB 水平。在重金属中，饮用水、室内土壤和人体血液样本中检出的铅含量很高。米饭中的镍、土壤和饮食中的锰、灰尘中的锌和尿液中的砷的检出率很高。人体生物监测的暴露评估显示，包括来自电子废物处理区的儿童和母亲在内的参与者比参考地点具有更高的致癌和非致癌风险。本综述强调了对环境有害物质的风险评估及其与电子废物处理场所健康结果的关系进行进一步全面研究的重要性。
Abstract Informal electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities contribute to releasing hazardous compounds in the environment and potential exposure to humans and their health. These hazardous compounds include persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. This review searched papers addressing hazardous compounds emitted from e-waste recycling activities and their health effects in Vietnam. Based on the keywords searched in three electronic databases (PubMed, Psych Info, and Google scholar), we found 21 relevant studies in Vietnam. The review identifies extensive e-waste dismantling activities in Vietnam in the northern region. To measure the environmental exposure to hazardous compounds, samples such as e-waste recycling workshop dust, soil, air, and sediments were assessed, while human exposure levels were measured using participants’ hair, serum, or breast milk samples. Studies that compared levels of exposure in e-waste recycling sites and reference sites indicated higher levels of PBDEs, PCBs, and heavy metals were observed in both environmental and human samples from participants in e-waste recycling sites. Among environmental samples, hazardous chemicals were the most detected in dust from e-waste recycling sites. Considering both environmental and human samples, the highest exposure difference observed with PBDE ranged from 2-48-fold higher in e-waste processing sites than in the reference sites. PCBs showed nearly 3-fold higher levels in e-waste processing sites than in reference sites. In the e-waste processing sites, age-specific higher PCB levels were observed in older recycler’s serum samples. Among the heavy metals, Pb was highly detected in drinking water, indoor soil and human blood samples. While high detection of Ni in cooked rice, Mn in soil and diet, Zn in dust and As in urine were apparent. Exposure assessment from human biomonitoring showed participants, including children and mothers from the e-waste processing areas, had higher carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks than the reference sites. This review paper highlights the importance of further comprehensive studies on risk assessments of environmentally hazardous substances and their association with health outcomes at e-waste processing sites.