The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910-1911
The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910-1911
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DOI：
10.1093/pastj/gtj001
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发表时间：
2006-02
期刊：
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
M. Gamsa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Gamsa
在已知的三种影响人类的鼠疫中，最常见的是淋巴腺鼠疫。（从病人身上肿胀的“淋巴结”得名）由跳蚤从啮齿动物传播到人类，但不会在人与人之间传播;在细菌学科学确立这些事实之前，在抗生素出现之前，这种瘟疫，最著名的是与14世纪的黑死病有关，证明约60%的受害者是致命的。败血性鼠疫（即细菌侵入血液系统）通过受感染的生物体迅速传播，即使有现代医学干预也可能致命，如果它本身构成流行病，而不是容易伴随淋巴腺或肺炎的并发症，它将被视为最危险的形式。最后一种是一种极端的肺部感染，传染性很强，除非在最初的24小时内发现，否则仍然无法治愈，这是最罕见也是最致命的鼠疫流行病。1910年秋在满洲爆发的疫情是有史以来最严重的一次。鼠疫的第一个表现形式是在满洲里（今内蒙古，当时的黑龙江省）附近的中国领土上，这是中国东部铁路与俄罗斯外贝加尔地区接壤的一个车站。自1898年开始，并于1903年全面运营，CER被俄罗斯作为跨西伯利亚的最后一站。从赤塔开往海参崴的火车从满洲里进入中国，然后在绥芬河（今黑龙江省）离开。哈尔滨市建于1898年，是当时吉林省境内一个小村庄的旧址，大约位于路线正东方向三分之二的地方，当时是中国共产党中央委员会的总部所在地，在十月革命之前一直由俄国政府管辖。本文的第一部分描述了疫情的过程和后果。第二种解释与以往的研究不同，以往的研究主要关注鼠疫是西方医学传入中国的催化剂。第三个然后检查
Of the three forms of plague known to affect man, the most common bubonic variety (taking its name from the swollen ‘buboes’ that develop on the patient’s body) is carried by fleas from rodents to humans, but does not otherwise pass from person to person; before these facts were established by bacteriological science and before the emergence of antibiotics, this plague, most famously associated with the fourteenth-century Black Death, proved lethal for about 60 per cent of its victims. Swift to spread through an infected organism, and potentially fatal even with modern medical intervention, septicaemic plague (in which bacteria penetrate the blood system) would count as the most dangerous form were it to constitute an epidemic in itself, rather than a complication liable to accompany the bubonic or the pneumonic kind. That last, an extreme type of lung infection, highly contagious and still impossible to cure unless identified within the first twenty-four hours, is the rarest as well as the deadliest form of a plague epidemic. The Manchurian outbreak in the autumn of 1910 was the worst such epidemic in recorded history. The first manifestation of the plague was in Chinese territory in the vicinity of Manzhouli (now Inner Mongolia; then Heilongjiang province), a station of the Chinese Eastern Railway bordering on the Russian Transbaikal District. Begun in 1898 and fully operating since 1903, the CER was laid out by Russia as the last leg of the Trans-Siberian. Trains bound from Chita to Vladivostok entered China in Manzhouli and left it in Suifenhe (now Heilongjiang province); at a spot roughly two-thirds of the route due east, on the site of a small village in the territory of the then Jilin province, the city of Harbin was founded in 1898 as headquarters of the CER and was governed by a Russian administration until after the October Revolution. The first part of this article describes the course and aftermath of the epidemic. The second suggests an interpretation of the events that differs from previous studies, which have mostly been interested in the plague as a catalyst for the introduction of Western medicine into China. The third then examines the