Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Sea Surface Temperature When Surfing
Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Sea Surface Temperature When Surfing
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DOI：
10.3390/oceans1010002
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发表时间：
2020-12-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Dall'Olmo, Giorgio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brewin, Robert J. W.;Cyronak, Tyler;Dall'Olmo, Giorgio
近岸沿海沃茨是地球上最活跃的区域之一，很难从传统的海洋学平台上取样。有人建议，可以通过动员大量参与海上娱乐运动（如冲浪）的市民来改善近岸环境采样。在本文中，我们比较了两种方法来测量海表温度（SST），一个基本的气候变量，当冲浪。一种技术涉及将市售的微型温度记录器（Onset UTBI-001 TidbiT v2）连接到冲浪板的皮带（连接冲浪者和冲浪板的系绳），第二种技术涉及连接包含环境传感器包的冲浪板鳍（Smartfin）。2017年7月至2018年7月间，共进行了148次冲浪活动，其中90次在英国西南部，58次在美国加州圣地亚哥。在这些会话期间，同时部署Smartfin和皮带传感器。在牵引带上，连接了两个TidbiT v2传感器，一个具有（表示为LP）保护性靴子，另一个没有（表示为LU）保护性靴子，该保护性靴子被设计成使传感器免受阳光照射。在每次冲浪过程中，提取每种技术的平均温度，并沿着与来自附近码头和海底记录仪的独立水温数据进行比较，并与来自卫星观测的光合有效辐射（PAR）数据进行匹配（用作每次冲浪期间太阳辐射的代理）。结果表明，平均差（Δ）为0.13 ℃，平均绝对差在Smartfin和LU之间的0.14摄氏度（的一个元素），以及在Smartfin和L之间的0.04摄氏度的增量和0.06摄氏度的e。我们观察到方法之间的一致性更好，（Δ = 0.07摄氏度，是Smartfin和LU之间的Δ = 0.08摄氏度的元素，和Δ = 0.00摄氏度，是Smartfin和LP之间= 0.03摄氏度的一个元素），与圣地亚哥的测量值相比（delta = 0.22摄氏度，是Smartfin和LU之间的= 0.23摄氏度的元素，delta = 0.08摄氏度，是Smartfin和LP之间的= 0.11摄氏度的元素）。冲浪SST数据一致，一般来说，与独立的温度数据froma附近的码头和底栖记录。对于未受保护的（LU）和受保护的（LP）TidbiT v2传感器，发现皮带和Smartfin之间的SST差异与PAR相关，这解释了比较中的区域差异（美国冲浪会话期间的PAR通常高于英国会话）。考虑到Smartfin被冲浪板遮挡环境光，与皮带不同，结果表明皮带TidbiT v2传感器在暴露于阳光下时会变暖，使SST数据产生正偏置，这一结果与已发表的在浅水沃茨中对类似传感器进行的测试一致。我们将本研究之前收集的所有LU数据与卫星PAR产品进行了匹配，并对太阳能加热进行了校正。结果强调，需要设计温度传感器包，尽量减少暴露于太阳能加热时，拖在海面上。
Nearshore coastal waters are among the most dynamic regions on the planet and difficult to sample from conventional oceanographic platforms. It has been suggested that environmental sampling of the nearshore could be improved by mobilising vast numbers of citizens who partake in marine recreational sports, like surfing. In this paper, we compared two approaches for measuring sea surface temperature (SST), an Essential Climate Variable, when surfing. One technique involved attaching a commercially-available miniature temperature logger (Onset UTBI-001 TidbiT v2) to the leash of the surfboard (tether connecting surfer and surfboard) and the second, attaching a surfboard fin (Smartfin) that contained an environmental sensor package. Between July 2017 and July 2018, 148 surfing sessions took place, 90 in the southwest UK and 58 in San Diego, California, USA. During these sessions, both Smartfin and leash sensors were deployed simultaneously. On the leash, two TidbiT v2 sensors were attached, one with (denoted LP) and one without (denoted LU) a protective boot, designed to shield the sensor from sunlight. The median temperature from each technique, during each surfing session, was extracted and compared along with independent water temperature data from a nearby pier and benthic logger, and matched with photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) data from satellite observations (used as a proxy for solar radiation during each surf). Results indicate a mean difference (delta) of 0.13 degrees C and mean absolute difference (is an element of) of 0.14 degrees C between Smartfin and LU, and a delta of 0.04 degrees C and an e of 0.06 degrees C between Smartfin and L For UK measurements, we observed better agreement between methods (delta = 0.07 degrees C and is an element of = 0.08 degrees C between Smartfin and LU, and delta = 0.00 degrees C and is an element of = 0.03 degrees C between Smartfin and LP) when compared with measurements in San Diego (delta = 0.22 degrees C and is an element of = 0.23 degrees C between Smartfin and LU, and delta = 0.08 degrees C and is an element of = 0.11 degrees C between Smartfin and LP). Surfing SST data were found to agree well, in general, with independent temperature data froma nearby pier and benthic logger. Differences in SST between leash and Smartfin were found to correlate with PAR, both for the unprotected (LU) and protected (LP) TidbiT v2 sensors, explaining the regional differences in the comparison (PAR generally higher during US surfing sessions than UK sessions). Considering that the Smartfin is sheltered from ambient light by the surfboard, unlike the leash, results indicate the leash TidbiT v2 sensors warm with exposure to sunlight biasing the SST data positively, a result consistent with published tests on similar sensors in shallow waters. We matched all LU data collected prior to this study with satellite PAR products and corrected for solar heating. Results highlight the need to design temperature sensor packages that minimise exposure from solar heating when towed in the surface ocean.