The Role of Chondrocyte Morphology and Volume in Controlling PhenotypeImplications for Osteoarthritis, Cartilage Repair, and Cartilage Engineering
The Role of Chondrocyte Morphology and Volume in Controlling PhenotypeImplications for Osteoarthritis, Cartilage Repair, and Cartilage Engineering
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s11926-019-0837-6
复制
发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Hall, Andrew C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hall, Andrew C.
综述目的关节软骨细胞专门负责透明软骨细胞外基质（ECM）的周转。然而，软骨细胞表型不稳定，如果它们去分化为肥大或成纤维细胞形式，将产生有缺陷且脆弱的基质。软骨细胞体积和形态对表型有很大影响，充分了解控制软骨细胞表型稳定性的因素对于理解（a）骨关节炎（OA）软骨衰竭的机制，（b）透明软骨修复的基本原理，以及（c）改善弹性软骨工程的策略至关重要。本综述的重点是软骨细胞形态和体积作为软骨细胞表型关键控制因素所涉及的因素以及调节的重要性。最新发现通过共焦扫描激光显微镜 (CLSM) 和成像软件对非退化和轻度退化软骨内荧光标记的原位软骨细胞进行可视化，识别出软骨细胞体积和形态的显着异质性。具有细胞质突起、体积增加和聚集的软骨细胞的存在表明其表型发生了重要的早期变化。与原位软骨细胞的正常物理化学环境更接近的实验结果强调了了解控制软骨细胞形态和体积最终影响表型的因素的重要性。总结对软骨细胞体积和形态对控制软骨细胞表型的重要性的认识正在快速进展，并为制定保护软骨细胞免受有害变化的策略，从而维持健康和有弹性的软骨带来了特别的希望。
Purpose of ReviewArticular chondrocytes are exclusively responsible for the turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of hyaline cartilage. However, chondrocytes are phenotypically unstable and, if they de-differentiate into hypertrophic or fibroblastic forms, will produce a defective and weak matrix. Chondrocyte volume and morphology exert a strong influence over phenotype and a full appreciation of the factors controlling chondrocyte phenotype stability is central to understanding (a) the mechanisms underlying the cartilage failure in osteoarthritis (OA), (b) the rationale for hyaline cartilage repair, and (c) the strategies for improving the engineering of resilient cartilage. The focus of this review is on the factors involved in, and the importance of regulating, chondrocyte morphology and volume as key controllers of chondrocyte phenotype.Recent FindingsThe visualisation of fluorescently-labelled in situ chondrocytes within non-degenerate and mildly degenerate cartilage, by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) and imaging software, has identified the marked heterogeneity of chondrocyte volume and morphology. The presence of chondrocytes with cytoplasmic processes, increased volume, and clustering suggests important early changes to their phenotype. Results from experiments more closely aligned to the normal physico-chemical environment of in situ chondrocytes are emphasising the importance of understanding the factors controlling chondrocyte morphology and volume that ultimately affect phenotype.SummaryAn appreciation of the importance of chondrocyte volume and morphology for controlling the chondrocyte phenotype is advancing at a rapid pace and holds particular promise for developing strategies for protecting the chondrocytes against deleterious changes and thereby maintaining healthy and resilient cartilage.