Strategies for Ecological Restoration of the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico and Recovery of the Endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
Strategies for Ecological Restoration of the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico and Recovery of the Endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
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新墨西哥州中格兰德河生态恢复和濒临灭绝的格兰德河银鲦鱼的恢复策略
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发表时间：
2006
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通讯作者：
D. E. Cowley
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作者：
D. E. Cowley
与旱地水生生态系统管理有关的问题包括：（1）对水生生态系统的范围和联系的认识不足，（2）人口增长加上高度可变的供水，（3）与水坝、堤坝、运河和改道有关的河流水文变化，（4）水质受损，（5）流域和河岸带植物群落的改变;（6）外来入侵物种的引入;（7）濒危的本地物种。所有这些问题都发生在新墨西哥州的中格兰德河，前六个问题加在一起对当地水生生物群的危害负有责任。世纪来的河流和景观改造造成了两种鱼类的灭绝、13种其他鱼类的灭绝以及格兰德河银色小鱼的濒危，这种鱼类是一种中上层产卵物种，具有使生境退化的巨大潜力。严重放牧草地的侵蚀，加上挪用地表水灌溉，都与人口扩张在新墨西哥州，导致增加了中格兰德河沉积物。泥沙沉积加剧了洪水和干旱造成的问题，导致一系列政治和技术行动，逐步灭绝了大多数大型原生鱼类和除一种以外的所有中上层产卵的小鱼。中格兰德河的恢复和濒临灭绝的银色小鱼的恢复将需要人类使用河流及其洪泛区的方式发生许多变化。如果发生了这些变化，他们应该将格兰德河放在一个景观背景下考虑，其中包括使人类在干旱地区生活而不破坏脆弱的干旱土地及其水生生态系统的战略。
Issues relevant to management of arid land aquatic ecosystems include: (1) a poor understanding of the extent and linkages of an aquatic ecosystem, (2) human population growth coupled with a highly variable water supply, (3) hydrologic modifications of rivers associated with dams, levees, canalizations, and diversions, (4) impairment of water quality, (5) alteration of vegetative communities of catchments and riparian zones, (6) introduction of invasive non-native species, and (7) imperiled native species. All of these issues occur in the Middle Rio Grande of New Mexico and the first six in combination have been responsible for the imperilment of its native aquatic biota. The extinction of two fish species, extirpation of 13 others, and endangerment of the Rio Grande silvery minnow, a pelagic-spawning species with an enormous potential for recolonization of habitats, has been caused by a century of river and landscape modifications. Erosion from heavily grazed grasslands coupled with appropriation of surface flows for irrigation, both associated with human population expansion in New Mexico, led to increased sediment deposition in the Middle Rio Grande. Sediment deposition exacerbated problems due to flooding and droughts, which led to a series of political and technological actions that progressively extirpated most of the large-bodied native fishes and all but one of the pelagic-spawning minnows. Restoration of the Middle Rio Grande and recovery of the endangered silvery minnow will require many changes in the way humans use the river and its floodplain. If those changes occur, they should consider the Rio Grande within a landscape context that includes strategies for humans to live in arid regions without damaging fragile arid lands and their aquatic ecosystems.