Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents
Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents
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DOI：
10.1007/s10339-017-0822-9
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发表时间：
2017-11-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Sippel, Jonathan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Capraro, Valerio;Sippel, Jonathan
性别差异是否以及如果是的话，如何在道德判断中表现出来，最近已经成为许多道德决策研究的中心。先前的研究表明，女性在个人而非非个人的道德困境中比男性更注重义务论。然而，典型的个人和非个人的道德困境在沿着两个维度上有所不同：个人困境在情感上比非个人困境更突出，并且涉及违反康德的实践命令，即人类永远不能被用作单纯的手段，而只能作为目的。因此，目前尚不清楚所报告的性别差异是由于情绪突出还是违反了实际需要。为了回答这个问题，我们探讨了三种道德困境中的性别差异：一种典型的个人困境，一种典型的非个人困境，以及一种中间困境，这种困境在情感上不像典型的个人道德困境那样突出，但同样强烈地违反了康德的实践命令。虽然我们复制的结果，女性倾向于拥抱义务伦理比男性在个人，但不是非个人的，困境，我们发现没有性别差异的中间情况。这表明，在这些类型的困境中的性别差异是由情感的显着性，而不是由违反的实际需要。此外，我们还探讨了人们是否认为女性在这些困境中的行为应该与男性不同。在这三个困境中，我们发现人们对男性和女性应该如何行为的看法没有统计学上的显著差异。
Whether, and if so, how exactly gender differences are manifested in moral judgment has recently been at the center of much research on moral decision making. Previous research suggests that women are more deontological than men in personal, but not impersonal, moral dilemmas. However, typical personal and impersonal moral dilemmas differ along two dimensions: Personal dilemmas are more emotionally salient than impersonal ones and involve a violation of Kant's practical imperative that humans must never be used as a mere means, but only as ends. Thus, it remains unclear whether the reported gender difference is due to emotional salience or to the violation of the practical imperative. To answer this question, we explore gender differences in three moral dilemmas: a typical personal dilemma, a typical impersonal dilemma, and an intermediate dilemma, which is not as emotionally salient as typical personal moral dilemmas, but contains an equally strong violation of Kant's practical imperative. While we replicate the result that women tend to embrace deontological ethics more than men in personal, but not impersonal, dilemmas, we find no gender differences in the intermediate situation. This suggests that gender differences in these type of dilemmas are driven by emotional salience, and not by the violation of the practical imperative. Additionally, we also explore whether people think that women should behave differently than men in these dilemmas. Across all three dilemmas, we find no statistically significant differences about how people think men and women should behave.