Environmental costs of China's food security
Environmental costs of China's food security
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.014
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发表时间：
2015-11-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Ju, Xiaotang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Norse, David;Ju, Xiaotang
近几十年来，中国成功地实现了粮食安全，对农业部门上游、农场和下游的环境造成了严重破坏。这种破坏的环境代价不仅是农业生态系统功能和粮食生产的长期可持续性，还包括生物物理和人类健康，从地方到全球都有影响，经济损失估计在中国农业国内生产总值的7%到10%之间。自1980年代以来，大部分环境成本都与首先因高额氮肥和灌溉补贴刺激的粮食生产，然后是蔬菜和果树生产的集约化有关，过度使用和误用合成氮肥和粪便是造成富营养化、土壤酸化和温室气体排放高的主要原因。然而，在过去10年左右的时间里，集约化畜牧业的扩大已经成为直接和间接造成空气和水污染的严重原因，并注定要成为中国环境的长期主要农业威胁，除非在下一个和未来的五年计划中采取可持续集约的整体战略。这一战略应侧重于改善养分管理，以限制氮的过度使用，因为氮的过度使用现在是农业对环境破坏造成的经济损失的主要原因。(C)2015爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
China's successful achievement of food security in recent decades has resulted in serious damage to the environment upstream of the agricultural sector, on farm and downstream. The environmental costs of this damage are not only agro-ecosystem function and the long-term sustainability of food production, but also bio-physical including human health with impacts at all levels from the local to the global, and with economic loss estimates ranging from 7 to 10% of China's agricultural gross domestic product (GDP).This paper presents a systematic analysis of the causes and impacts of these environmental costs for China's cropping systems and crop-based livestock systems, and focuses on the nitrogen management. Since the 1980s most of the environmental costs have been related to the intensification of first grain production stimulated by high nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation subsidies, and then vegetable production and fruit trees, with the overuse and misuse of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and manure being the dominant cause of eutrophication, soil acidification and high greenhouse gas emissions. However, during the last 10 years or so the expansion of intensive livestock production has become a serious cause of direct and indirect air and water pollution and is destined to be the main agricultural threat to China's environment in the long-term unless a holistic strategy for sustainable intensification is adopted for the next and future 5 Year Plans. This strategy should focus on improving nutrient management to limit nitrogen overuse, which is now the main cause of the economic losses from agriculture's damage to the environment. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.