Raking it in: the impact of enculturation on chimpanzee tool use
Raking it in: the impact of enculturation on chimpanzee tool use
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-007-0091-6
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Boysen, S. T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Furlong, E. E.;Boose, K. J.;Boysen, S. T.
最近的证据表明，不同的工具包，提出了基于类似文化的传播，已观察到不同的黑猩猩社区在西非。根据这些发现，七只圈养的青少年黑猩猩在27项工具使用任务中失败的报告（Povinelli 2000）似乎是谜。在这里，我们报告成功的性能由一组9个圈养，文化的黑猩猩，和有限的成功由一组6个半文化的黑猩猩，在两个Povinelli任务，脆弱的工具任务，和混合工具的任务。所有的黑猩猩都有一个脆弱的耙子和第二个坚硬的耙子，这两个耙子都可以用来尝试取回够不着的食物奖励。刚性耙子的构造使其具有必要的功能特征，以允许成功回收，而脆弱的耙子则没有。在本实验中，两组黑猩猩都正确地选择了功能性刚性工具，并在执行“脆弱工具”任务时使用。然后，所有动物都被提供了两个“混合耙”A和B，每个耙头的一半由脆弱的非功能性织物制成，另一半由木头制成。食物奖励分别放在耙子A坚硬的一面和耙子B脆弱的一面前面。为了获得成功，黑猩猩需要在耙头坚硬的一侧前面选择有奖励的耙子。完全文化化的动物成功地选择了功能性耙子，而半文化化的受试者则在两种混合工具中随机选择。与Povinelli的研究结果相比，他的非文化动物两项任务都失败了，我们的研究结果表明，在半文化条件下饲养的黑猩猩可以通过在脆弱的工具任务中的试错来学习正确区分必要的工具，但无法识别检索奖励所需的功能关系与“混合”耙。相比之下，在使用“脆弱工具”和“混合工具”的任务中，接受文化熏陶的黑猩猩的选择都是正确的。这些结果提供了第一个经验证据的差异化的影响，文化对随后的工具使用能力圈养黑猩猩。
Recent evidence for different tool kits, proposed to be based upon culture-like transmission, have been observed across different chimpanzee communities across Western Africa. In light of these findings, the reported failures by seven captive juvenile chimpanzees tested with 27 tool use tasks (Povinelli 2000) seem enigmatic. Here we report successful performance by a group of nine captive, enculturated chimpanzees, and limited success by a group of six semi-enculturated chimpanzees, on two of the Povinelli tasks, the Flimsy Tool task, and the Hybrid Tool task. All chimpanzees were presented with a rake with a flimsy head and a second rake with a rigid head, either of which could be used to attempt to retrieve a food reward that was out of reach. The rigid rake was constructed such that it had the necessary functional features to permit successful retrieval, while the flimsy rake did not. Both chimpanzee groups in the present experiment selected the functional rigid tool correctly to use during the Flimsy Tool task. All animals were then presented with two "hybrid rakes" A and B, with one half of each rake head constructed from flimsy, non-functional fabric, and the other half of the head was made of wood. Food rewards were placed in front of the rigid side of Rake A and the flimsy side of Rake B. To be successful, the chimps needed to choose the rake that had the reward in front of the rigid side of the rake head. The fully enculturated animals were successful in selecting the functional rake, while the semi-enculturated subjects chose randomly between the two hybrid tools. Compared with findings from Povinelli, whose non-enculturated animals failed both tasks, our results demonstrate that chimpanzees reared under conditions of semi-enculturation could learn to discriminate correctly the necessary tool through trial-and-error during the Flimsy Tool task, but were unable to recognize the functional relationship necessary for retrieving the reward with the "hybrid" rake. In contrast, the enculturated chimpanzees were correct in their choices during both the Flimsy Tool and the Hybrid Tool tasks. These results provide the first empirical evidence for the differential effects of enculturation on subsequent tool use capacities in captive chimpanzees.