SUPERSTITION EXPERIMENT - A REEXAMINATION OF ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
SUPERSTITION EXPERIMENT - A REEXAMINATION OF ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
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DOI：
10.1037/h0030305
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发表时间：
1971-01-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
SIMMELHAG, VL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
STADDON, JER;SIMMELHAG, VL
斯金纳“迷信”实验的复制和延伸表明，渐近线有两种行为的发展：(a) 临时活动，与辅助行为有关，发生在送餐后不久； (b) 最终反应，即一种有区别的操作，发生在时间间隔快结束时，并持续到送餐为止。这些数据提出了根据两组原则的操作性条件反射（最终反应）的观点：行为变异原则，描述了在强化之前适合某种情况的行为的起源；以及描述选择性消除由此产生的行为的强化原则。这种方法得到了以下方面的支持：（a）通过自然选择对效果法则与进化之间的相似性进行了解释；（b）它能够阐明学习中持续存在的问题，例如连续性与非连续性、与灭绝相关的变异性、经典条件反射与工具条件反射之间的关系、行为主义学习方法与认知学习方法之间的争议； (c) 其处理学习文献中最近出现的一些异常现象的能力（本能漂移、自动塑造和自动维护）。临时活动被解释为动机系统之间的相互作用，这一观点得到了对辅助行为文献的回顾以及与行为学中类似现象（位移、重定向和真空活动）的比较的支持。所提出的理论方案代表了从假设的学习规律转向根据系统发育中演变的原则，根据行动倾向之间的相互作用和竞争来解释行为变化的转变。（4页参考文献）（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2016 APA，保留所有权利）
Replication and extension of Skinner's" supersitition" experiment showed the development of 2 kinds of behavior at asymptote:(a) interim activities, related to adjunctive behavior, which occurred just after food delivery; and (b) the terminal response, a discriminated operant, which occurred toward the end of the interval and continued until food delivery. These data suggest a view of operant conditioning (the terminal response) in terms of 2 sets of principles: principles of behavioral variation that describe the origins of behavior appropriate to a situation, in advance of reinforcement; and principles of reinforcement that describe the selective elimination of behavior so produced. This approach was supported by (a) an account of the parallels between the law of effect and evolution by means of natural selection;(b) its ability to elucidate persistent problems in learning, eg, continuity vs. noncontinuity, variability associated with extinction, the relationship between classical and instrumental conditioning, the controversy between behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning; and (c) its ability to deal with a number of recent anomalies in the learning literature (instinctive drift, auto-shaping, and auto-maintenance). The interim activities are interpreted in terms of interactions among motivational systems, and this view is supported by a review of the literature on adjunctive behavior and by comparison with similar phenomena in ethology (displacement, redirection, and vacuum activities). The proposed theoretical scheme represents a shift away from hypothetical laws of learning toward an interpretation of behavioral change in terms of interaction and competition among tendencies to action according to principles evolved in phylogeny.(4 p. ref.)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)