Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA.
Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA.
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居住在美国明尼苏达州红河谷的农药施用者出生的儿童出生缺陷，季节和性别。
DOI：
10.1289/ehp.02110s3441
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发表时间：
2002-06
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Burroughs, Barbara L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Garry, Vincent F;Harkins, Mary E;Erickson, Leanna L;Long-Simpson, Leslie K;Holland, Seth E;Burroughs, Barbara L
我们以前证明，出生缺陷的频率之间的居民的红河谷（RRV），明尼苏达州，美国，显着高于其他主要农业地区的国家在1989年至1991年期间，与儿童出生的男性农药施用者具有最高的风险。1997-1998年期间对695个家庭和1 532名儿童进行的目前规模较小的横断面研究，对根据父母报告的出生缺陷确定的农业家庭的生殖健康结果进行了更详细的审查。在目前的研究中，在出生后第一年，出生缺陷率为每1 000名新生儿中有31.3名，其中83%的出生缺陷报告得到了医疗记录的证实。如果将出生后3年内及其后患有出生或发育障碍的儿童包括在内，则死亡率为每1 000人47.0人（1 532名活产婴儿中有72名儿童）。春季受孕导致出生缺陷的儿童明显多于其他季节（7.6%对3.7%）。12个家庭有一个以上的孩子出生缺陷（n = 28名儿童）。出生缺陷复发家庭中42%的儿童在春季受孕，明显高于其他季节。三个家庭的亲属关系的定义贡献了一级亲属以外的兄弟姐妹具有相同或相似的出生缺陷，符合孟德尔遗传模式。其余9个家庭没有遵循孟德尔遗传模式。施用者家庭出生的先天缺陷儿童的性别比例显示，在特定农药类别使用和除杀真菌剂外的接触类别中，男性占主导地位（1.75比1）。在杀真菌剂接触类别中，正常的女婴明显超过男婴（1.25比1）。同样，患有出生缺陷的男孩与女孩的比例也明显较低（0.57比1; p = 0.02）。在使用熏蒸剂磷化氢的儿童中，神经系统和神经行为发育的不良影响集中在一起（比值比[OR] = 2.48;置信区间[CI]，1.2-5.1）。使用除草剂草甘膦在神经行为类别中产生了3.6（CI，1.3-9.6）的OR。最后，这些研究指出，（a）在春季使用的除草剂可能是观察到的出生缺陷的一个因素，（B）杀真菌剂可能是决定RRV家庭儿童性别的一个重要因素。因此，两类不同的杀虫剂似乎对不同的生殖结果产生了不利影响。需要进行生物学验证性研究。
We previously demonstrated that the frequency of birth defects among children of residents of the Red River Valley (RRV), Minnesota, USA, was significantly higher than in other major agricultural regions of the state during the years 1989-1991, with children born to male pesticide applicators having the highest risk. The present, smaller cross-sectional study of 695 families and 1,532 children, conducted during 1997-1998, provides a more detailed examination of reproductive health outcomes in farm families ascertained from parent-reported birth defects. In the present study, in the first year of life, the birth defect rate was 31.3 births per 1,000, with 83% of the total reported birth defects confirmed by medical records. Inclusion of children identified with birth or developmental disorders within the first 3 years of life and later led to a rate of 47.0 per 1,000 (72 children from 1,532 live births). Conceptions in spring resulted in significantly more children with birth defects than found in any other season (7.6 vs. 3.7%). Twelve families had more than one child with a birth defect (n = 28 children). Forty-two percent of the children from families with recurrent birth defects were conceived in spring, a significantly higher rate than that for any other season. Three families in the kinships defined contributed a first-degree relative other than a sibling with the same or similar birth defect, consistent with a Mendelian inheritance pattern. The remaining nine families did not follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern. The sex ratio of children with birth defects born to applicator families shows a male predominance (1.75 to 1) across specific pesticide class use and exposure categories exclusive of fungicides. In the fungicide exposure category, normal female births significantly exceed male births (1.25 to 1). Similarly, the proportion of male to female children with birth defects is significantly lower (0.57 to 1; p = 0.02). Adverse neurologic and neurobehavioral developmental effects clustered among the children born to applicators of the fumigant phosphine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.48; confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.1). Use of the herbicide glyphosate yielded an OR of 3.6 (CI, 1.3-9.6) in the neurobehavioral category. Finally, these studies point out that (a) herbicides applied in the spring may be a factor in the birth defects observed and (b) fungicides can be a significant factor in the determination of sex of the children of the families of the RRV. Thus, two distinct classes of pesticides seem to have adverse effects on different reproductive outcomes. Biologically based confirmatory studies are needed.