Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles
Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles
复制标题
DOI：
10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1
复制
发表时间：
2017-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kraemer, Martina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kanji, Zamin A.;Ladino, Luis A.;Kraemer, Martina
对流层云中冰粒子的形成显著地改变了云的辐射和微物理特性。对流层中的冰通过均匀冻结成核发生在温度低于2388 ℃和相对于冰的相对湿度高于140%时。在不存在这些条件的情况下，冰的形成可以通过由被称为冰成核颗粒（INPs）的气溶胶颗粒辅助的非均质成核来进行。在这一章中，新的发展，在确定非均质冻结机制，大气相关性，不确定性和未知的INPs进行了描述。随着新的研究发现这些颗粒的物理和化学性质，关于INPs要求的传统智慧的变化得到了解释。介绍了INP的来源及其冰成核特性的已知原因。需要更多的研究，以系统地确定颗粒的性能，促进冰成核的突出。还介绍了INPs的远距离迁移、气溶胶老化和涂层研究（在实验室中）在大气中的相关性。可能的机制，改变冰成核潜力的INPs和相应的挑战，在理解和应用这些模型的过程中进行了讨论。分析了初始冰核化对云中冰晶数浓度的影响，以及INP浓度与冰晶数浓度之间的差异。最后，参数化的INPs和模型在代表已知和未知的非均质冰成核过程的限制进行了讨论。
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than 2388C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.