Effects of experimental warming on floral scent, display and rewards in two subalpine herbs
Effects of experimental warming on floral scent, display and rewards in two subalpine herbs
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DOI：
10.1093/aob/mcad195
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发表时间：
2023-12-23
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Campbell，Diane R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wu，Carrie;Powers，John M.;Campbell，Diane R.
背景和目的花卉挥发物、视觉特征和奖励介导植物-传粉者和植物-草食动物相互作用中的吸引力和防御，但这些花卉特征可能会因温度的直接影响或对植物资源的长期影响而因全球变暖而改变。我们研究了变暖对花和叶挥发物排放、花形态、植物高度、花蜜产量和种子捕食者产卵的影响。方法我们在美国科罗拉多州的三个地点使用开顶室，在 1-3 年内将田间植物平均升温 +2-3 °C（每日最高温度增加 +6-11 °C），持续 2-4 周。挥发物是从两个密切相关的亚高山 Ipomopsis 物种中采样的，它们具有不同的传粉媒介：Ipomopsis aggregatassp.aggregata，主要由蜂鸟访问，以及 Ipomopsis tenuitubassp.tenuituba，经常由天蛾访问。聚合体和 I.细鳍鱼以微妙的方式对变暖做出反应，其影响取决于物种、地点和年份。除了变暖的长期影响外，采样时的温度也独立影响 I 的花挥发性排放。白天和我的聚合。晚上特努伊图巴。变暖对这两个物种的花形态影响很小，并且对 I 中的花蜜浓度、最大花序高度或花红色没有影响。聚合体。然而，变暖增加了 I 的花蜜产量。聚集率降低了 41 %，这一反应将吸引更多蜂鸟来访，并将蝇种捕食者的产卵减少 ≥72 %。结论我们的结果表明，花性状对亚高山环境中的温度变化表现出不同程度的可塑性，对帮助或阻碍植物繁殖的动物行为具有潜在影响。它们还说明需要进行更长期的实地变暖研究，如花卉挥发物以不同方式对数周变暖与采样时温度的反应所表明的那样。
Background and AimsFloral volatiles, visual traits and rewards mediate attraction and defence in plant–pollinator and plant–herbivore interactions, but these floral traits might be altered by global warming through direct effects of temperature or longer-term impacts on plant resources. We examined the effect of warming on floral and leaf volatile emissions, floral morphology, plant height, nectar production, and oviposition by seed predators.MethodsWe used open-top chambers that warmed plants in the field by +2–3 °C on average (+6–11 °C increase in daily maxima) for 2–4 weeks across 1–3 years at three sites in Colorado, USA. Volatiles were sampled from two closely related species of subalpineIpomopsiswith different pollinators:Ipomopsis aggregatassp.aggregata, visited mainly by hummingbirds, andIpomopsis tenuitubassp.tenuituba, often visited by hawkmoths.Key ResultsAlthough warming had no detected effects on leaf volatiles, the daytime floral volatiles of bothI. aggregataandI. tenuitubaresponded in subtle ways to warming, with impacts that depended on the species, site and year. In addition to the long-term effect of warming, temperature at the time of sampling independently affected the floral volatile emissions ofI. aggregataduring the day andI. tenuitubaat night. Warming had little effect on floral morphology for either species and it had no effect on nectar concentration, maximum inflorescence height or flower redness inI. aggregata. However, warming increased nectar production inI. aggregataby 41 %, a response that would attract more hummingbird visits, and it reduced oviposition by fly seed predators by ≥72 %.ConclusionsOur results suggest that floral traits can show different levels of plasticity to temperature changes in subalpine environments, with potential effects on animal behaviours that help or hinder plant reproduction. They also illustrate the need for more long-term field warming studies, as shown by responses of floral volatiles in different ways to weeks of warming vs. temperature at the time of sampling.