Collateralization of cerebellar output to functionally distinct brainstem areas. A retrograde, non-fluorescent tracing study in the rat.
Collateralization of cerebellar output to functionally distinct brainstem areas. A retrograde, non-fluorescent tracing study in the rat.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnsys.2014.00023
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Teune TM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ruigrok TJ;Teune TM
小脑的组织特征是由许多纵向组织的连接模式组成，这些模式由匹配的橄榄-皮质-核区组成。这些被称为模块的实体被建议作为职能单位。小脑核（CN）的各个部分构成了这些模块的输出。我们已经研究了在多大程度上发散和收敛模式的输出模块的四个，功能不同的大脑区域可以识别。两个逆行示踪剂注入以下核的各种组合：红核（RN），作为主要的运动前核;红核前区，作为传入下橄榄（IO）的主要供应商;脑桥被盖网状核（NRTP），作为小脑苔藓纤维的主要来源;和IO，作为攀爬纤维的来源。对于所有六种可能的组合，检查了三种情况。所有9例涉及IO的组合没有或几乎没有导致双标记神经元。与此相反，所有其他组合导致在小脑核区的双标记神经元的至少10%和高达67%，这两个tracers. These结果表明，小脑核神经元，终止于研究区域内基本上代表两个相互混合的群体的投射细胞。一个群体对应于小的核橄榄神经元，而另一个由中等至大尺寸的神经元组成，这些神经元可能将其轴突分布到其他几个区域。尽管个别模块的输出模式之间存在一些一致的差异，我们建议，模块化小脑输出到运动前区，如RN提供同时反馈的苔藓纤维和攀爬纤维系统，并与一个指定的GABA能核橄榄电路的一致行动。这些特征似乎构成了小脑运作的基本特征。
The organization of the cerebellum is characterized by a number of longitudinally organized connection patterns that consist of matching olivo-cortico-nuclear zones. These entities, referred to as modules, have been suggested to act as functional units. The various parts of the cerebellar nuclei (CN) constitute the output of these modules. We have studied to what extent divergent and convergent patterns in the output of the modules to four, functionally distinct brain areas can be recognized. Two retrograde tracers were injected in various combinations of the following nuclei: the red nucleus (RN), as a main premotor nucleus; the prerubral area, as a main supplier of afferents to the inferior olive (IO); the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), as a main source of cerebellar mossy fibers; and the IO, as the source of climbing fibers. For all six potential combinations three cases were examined. All nine cases with combinations that involved the IO did not, or hardly, resulted in double labeled neurons. In contrast, all other combinations resulted in at least 10% and up to 67% of double labeled neurons in cerebellar nuclear areas where both tracers were found. These results show that the cerebellar nuclear neurons that terminate within the studied areas represent basically two intermingled populations of projection cells. One population corresponds to the small nucleo-olivary neurons whereas the other consists of medium- to large-sized neurons which are likely to distribute their axons to several other areas. Despite some consistent differences between the output patterns of individual modules we propose that modular cerebellar output to premotor areas such as the RN provides simultaneous feedback to both the mossy fiber and the climbing fiber system and acts in concert with a designated GABAergic nucleo-olivary circuit. These features seem to form a basic characteristic of cerebellar operation.