Native and exotic ants of the Azores (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Native and exotic ants of the Azores (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
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亚速尔群岛的本地和外来蚂蚁（膜翅目：蚁科）
作者：
J. K. Wetterer;X. Espadaler;A. L. Wetterer;S. Cabral
亚速尔群岛是北大西洋的一个群岛，有14种已知蚂蚁。虽然一些早期的研究人员认为亚速尔群岛的所有蚂蚁都是外来的，但我们认为有几个是本地的(即，在人类到来之前)。在相对不受干扰的环境中发现的五种蚂蚁，除了亚速尔群岛、邻近的马德拉和地中海外，没有广泛分布，我们判断它们是亚速尔群岛的本土蚂蚁：Hypoponera eduardi，Lasius Grand is，Leptothorax unifasciatus，Monomacomacanum和Plagiolepis schmitzii。此外，丛生四脉草虽然分布广泛，但在亚速尔群岛内表现出变异，这表明它是原生的。六种蚂蚁仅发现于亚速尔群岛高度干扰的环境中，并通过人类贸易分布在世界各地，我们认为这六种蚂蚁是外来的：斑点小蚂蚁、矮小线虫、长角拟蚂蚁、大头拟蚂蚁、双头小蚂蚁和小蚂蚁。另外，一枝黄花(Diplorhop Trum)sp.未知的分类地位，和不广泛分布的老年无尾无毛虫，仅限于受干扰的地点，似乎是外来的。六种本地蚂蚁中的五种(除施密茨氏蚂蚁外)，但八种外来蚂蚁中只有两种(老年蚂蚁和矮小蚂蚁)在亚速尔群岛常见和广泛分布。阿根廷蚂蚁L.Humile是唯一一种似乎对本地物种有一定影响的外来蚂蚁物种，但它只在分散的城市和农业地区大量存在。三种重要的热带害虫--长角短角短角蚁、大头短角蚁和双角短角短角蚁都在亚速尔群岛拥有最高纬度种群，这可能反映了由于墨西哥湾流变暖的影响，气候相对温和。亚速尔群岛相对自然的地区蚂蚁物种丰富度较低，但通常所有出现的蚂蚁都是本地蚂蚁。由于本地和外来物种的存在，城市地点往往有更高的蚂蚁物种丰富度。因此，蚂蚁物种总丰富度不是衡量栖息地完整性的有用指标。然而，外来蚂蚁物种的存在是干扰的一个很好的指标。在亚速尔群岛记录的14种蚂蚁中，有12种(除老年蚂蚁和簇毛蚂蚁外)也出现在马德拉。亚速尔群岛的蚂蚁种类比马德拉(27种)少得多，这无疑与亚速尔群岛年龄更小、纬度更高、与大陆起源种群的距离更远有关。
The Azores, a North Atlantic archipelago, has 14 known ant species. Although some earlier researchers have regarded all ants in the Azores to be exotic, we believe several are native (i.e., predating human arrival). Five ant species found in relatively undisturbed environments and not widely distributed beyond the Azores, neighboring Madeira, and the Mediterranean, we judge to be native to the Azores: Hypoponera eduardi, Lasius grandis, Leptothorax unifasciatus, Monomorium carbonarium, and Plagiolepis schmitzii. In addition, Tetramorium caespitum, though widely distributed, shows variation within the Azores that suggests it is native. Six ant species found only in highly disturbed environments in the Azores and distributed around the world through human commerce, we consider exotic: Hypoponera punctatissima, Linepithema humile, Paratrechina longicomis, Pheidole megacephala, Tetramorium bicarinatum, and Tetramorium caldarium. In addition, Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) sp. of unknown taxonomic status, and Aphaenogaster senilis, which is not widely distributed, were restricted to disturbed sites and appear to be exotic. Five of the six native ant species (all except P. schmitzii), but only two of the eight exotic species (A. senilis and L. humile) are common and widespread in the Azores. The Argentine ant, L. humile, is the only exotic ant species that appears to have some impact on native species, but it was abundant only in scattered urban and agricultural areas. Three ant species that are important tropical pests, P. longicornis, P. megacephala, and T. bicarinatum, all have their highest latitude populations in the Azores, probably a reflection of the relatively mild climate due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream. Relatively natural areas in the Azores have low ant species richness, but usually all the ants present are native. Urban sites often have higher ant species richness due to the presence of both native and exotic species. Thus, the total ant species richness is not a useful indicator of habitat integrity. The presence of exotic ant species, however, is an excellent indicator of disturbance. Twelve of the 14 recorded ant species (all except A. senilis and T. caespitum) in the Azores also occur in Madeira. The Azores have far fewer ant species than Madeira (27 species), no doubt related to the Azores' younger age, higher latitude, and greater distance from continental source populations.