Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants
Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants
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DOI：
10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00123-5
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Sakai, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Watanabe, I;Sakai, S
最近，与溴化阻燃剂（BFR）有关的环境问题已成为比以往任何时候都更令人关注的问题，因为最近在瑞典和北美的母乳中发现的多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）含量明显增加。由此产生的问题是，环境中多溴二苯醚和其他溴化阻燃剂的含量是否会继续增加，从而对人类造成毒性影响。为了阐明BFR科学的现状，我们回顾了消费者对BFR的需求（主要是在日本），废物阻燃产品的特性，排放源，环境行为，人类接触途径，时间趋势和BFR的热分解产物。目前，10-20年前生产的阻燃消费品正在被倾倒，当时多溴二苯醚被频繁使用。向环境排放溴化阻燃剂的可能主要来源是溴化阻燃剂工厂和处理溴化阻燃剂的其他设施的废水和烟道气。关于溴化阻燃剂的环境行为，总体而言，预计溴化程度较低的化合物比溴化程度较高的化合物更易挥发、更易溶于水、更易生物累积。一般人群接触多溴二苯醚，特别是低溴同系物的最可能途径是通过饮食。用这些化合物处理的消费品释放的溴化阻燃剂也可能导致人类接触。全世界环境和人体中多溴二苯醚含量的时间趋势似乎因区域或国家而异，可能反映了多溴二苯醚的历史和当前使用情况。环境和普通人群也会接触到多溴二苯醚的热分解产物，如多溴和混合溴化/氯化二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃（多溴对二恶英/二苯并呋喃和混合PXDD/二苯并呋喃）。(C)2003爱思唯尔科技有限公司版权所有。
Recently, environmental problems relating to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become a matter of greater concern than ever before, because of the recent marked increase in levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in human milk in Sweden and North America. The question that arises is whether environmental levels of PBDEs and other BFRs will continue to increase, causing toxic effects to humans. In an attempt to elucidate the current state of the science of BFRs, we review the consumer demand for BFRs (mainly in Japan), the characteristics of waste flame-retarded products, sources of emission, environmental behavior, routes of exposure of humans, temporal trends, and thermal-breakdown products of BFRs. At present, flame-retarded consumer products manufactured 10-20 years ago, when PBDEs were frequently used, are being dumped. The possible major sources of emission of BFRs into the environment are effluent and flue gases from BFR factories and other facilities processing BFRs. With respect to the environmental behavior of BFRs, the lower brominated compounds are, on the whole, predicted to be more volatile, more water soluble, and more bioaccumulative than the higher brominated compounds. The most probable route for exposure of the general human population to PBDEs, especially the lower brominated congeners, is through the diet. The release of BFRs from consumer products treated with these compounds could also lead to human exposure. Temporal trends in PBDE levels in the environment and in humans worldwide seem to vary considerably, depending on the regions or country, with possible reflections of the historic and current use of PBDEs. The environment and the general human population are also exposed to the thermal-breakdown products of PBDEs, such as polybrominated and mixed brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/DFs and mixed PXDDs/DFs). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.