Nanomedicines for back of the eye drug delivery, gene delivery, and imaging.
Nanomedicines for back of the eye drug delivery, gene delivery, and imaging.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.04.001
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发表时间：
2013-09
影响因子：
17.8
通讯作者：
Durazo SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kompella UB;Amrite AC;Pacha Ravi R;Durazo SA
由于眼部屏障的解剖学和生理学原因，治疗和管理眼后段疾病，如糖尿病性视网膜病变、视网膜母细胞瘤、色素性视网膜炎和脉络膜新生血管形成是一项具有挑战性的任务。例如，用于治疗性治疗的传统药物递送途径受到差的眼内渗透和/或快速眼部消除的阻碍。改善眼部治疗的一种可能的方法是采用纳米技术。纳米药物，纳米技术的产物，具有至少一个维度的纳米级包括纳米颗粒，胶束，纳米管，和树枝状聚合物，有和没有靶向配体，正在使眼部药物输送，基因传递和成像领域的显着影响，这一审查的重点。本综述中讨论的纳米技术的主要应用包括a）生物粘附性纳米药物; B）增强靶识别和/或细胞进入的功能化纳米药物; c）能够控制有效载荷释放的纳米药物; d）能够增强基因转染和转染持续时间的纳米药物; f）对包括光、热、超声、电信号、pH和氧化应激在内的刺激有反应的纳米药物; g）用于成像的不同尺寸和颜色的纳米颗粒，和h）用于视网膜假体的纳米线。此外，描述了纳米制造的递送系统，包括植入物、膜、微粒和纳米颗粒。虽然上述纳米药物可以通过各种途径施用，包括局部、玻璃体内、静脉内、经巩膜、脉络膜上和视网膜下途径，但每种纳米药物都应针对疾病、药物和施用部位进行定制。除了纳米药物设计中使用的材料的性质外，根据纳米药物给药的部位，预计清除率和毒性也会有所不同。
Treatment and management of diseases of the posterior segment of the eye such as diabetic retinopathy, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and choroidal neovascularization is a challenging task due to the anatomy and physiology of ocular barriers. For instance, traditional routes of drug delivery for therapeutic treatment are hindered by poor intraocular penetration and/or rapid ocular elimination. One possible approach to improve ocular therapy is to employ nanotechnology. Nanomedicines, products of nanotechnology, having at least one dimension in the nanoscale include nanoparticles, micelles, nanotubes, and dendrimers, with and without targeting ligands, are making a significant impact in the fields of ocular drug delivery, gene delivery, and imaging, the focus of this review. Key applications of nanotechnology discussed in this review include a) bioadhesive nanomedicines; b) functionalized nanomedicines that enhance target recognition and/or cell entry; c) nanomedicines capable of controlled release of the payload; d) nanomedicines capable of enhancing gene transfection and duration of transfection; f) nanomedicines responsive to stimuli including light, heat, ultrasound, electrical signals, pH, and oxidative stress; g) diversely sized and colored nanoparticles for imaging, and h) nanowires for retinal prostheses. Additionally, nanofabricated delivery systems including implants, films, microparticles, and nanoparticles are described. Although the above nanomedicines may be administered by various routes including topical, intravitreal, intravenous, transscleral, suprachoroidal, and subretinal routes, each nanomedicine should be tailored for the disease, drug, and site of administration. In addition to the nature of materials used in nanomedicine design, depending on the site of nanomedicine administration, clearance and toxicity are expected to differ.
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