Early life adversity increases foraging and information gathering in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris.
Early life adversity increases foraging and information gathering in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.009
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发表时间：
2015-11
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Bateson M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Andrews C;Viviani J;Egan E;Bedford T;Brilot B;Nettle D;Bateson M
动物可以通过储存能量储备或收集有关替代食物来源的信息来确保自己免受与不可预测的食物供应相关的饥饿风险。前一种策略在依赖于质量的捕食风险方面具有成本，而后者则与觅食相权衡;这两种权衡可能会受到个体发育历史的影响。在这里，我们认为早期的发展经验，在欧洲椋鸟诱导不同的质量调节和觅食策略可能发挥的作用。我们测量了成年鸟类（≥10月龄）的体重、身体状况、觅食努力、食物消耗和反自由负载（当同等食物可自由获得时，觅食隐藏在沙子中的食物），这些鸟类先前经历了微妙的早期食物竞争操纵（在2-12日龄时，交叉寄养到育雏大小等级中的最高或最低等级）。我们发现，发育不利的鸟类在成年期更胖，与它们的同胞兄弟相比，它们的觅食行为也不同。dispersible鸟hyperphagic相比，reflorescent鸟，但只有经过一段时间的食物匮乏，也花了更多的时间contrafreeloading。在觅食的成功和时间花费contrafreeloading，而处于不利地位的鸟类面临没有这样的权衡，由于其更大的觅食效率之间的权衡。因此，发育不利的鸟类似乎保留了增加雏鸟食物竞争的表型记忆，采用能量储存和信息收集保险策略，在更大程度上比他们的同胞兄弟姐妹。我们的研究结果表明，微妙的早期生活中的不利心理压力和/或粮食不安全的形式可以留下一个持久的遗产觅食行为和大规模的监管，即使在没有食物不足的发展或成年。饥饿可以通过储存能量储备或收集信息来避免。发育历史可能会影响这些觅食决定。在雏鸟竞争中处于劣势的椋鸟成年后较胖。发育不利的鸟类觅食更快，反食更多。早期生活压力对觅食行为和群体调节有着持久的影响。
Animals can insure themselves against the risk of starvation associated with unpredictable food availability by storing energy reserves or gathering information about alternative food sources. The former strategy carries costs in terms of mass-dependent predation risk, while the latter trades off against foraging for food; both trade-offs may be influenced by an individual's developmental history. Here, we consider a possible role of early developmental experience in inducing different mass regulation and foraging strategies in European starlings. We measured the body mass, body condition, foraging effort, food consumption and contrafreeloading (foraging for food hidden in sand when equivalent food is freely available) of adult birds (≥10 months old) that had previously undergone a subtle early life manipulation of food competition (cross-fostering into the highest or lowest ranks in the brood size hierarchy when 2–12 days of age). We found that developmentally disadvantaged birds were fatter in adulthood and differed in foraging behaviour compared with their advantaged siblings. Disadvantaged birds were hyperphagic compared with advantaged birds, but only following a period of food deprivation, and also spent more time contrafreeloading. Advantaged birds experienced a trade-off between foraging success and time spent contrafreeloading, whereas disadvantaged birds faced no such trade-off, owing to their greater foraging efficiency. Thus, developmentally disadvantaged birds appeared to retain a phenotypic memory of increased nestling food competition, employing both energy storage and information-gathering insurance strategies to a greater extent than their advantaged siblings. Our results suggest that subtle early life disadvantage in the form of psychosocial stress and/or food insecurity can leave a lasting legacy on foraging behaviour and mass regulation even in the absence of food insufficiency during development or adulthood. Starvation may be avoided by storing energy reserves or gathering information. Developmental history could impact these foraging decisions. Starlings disadvantaged in nestling competition were fatter in adulthood. Developmentally disadvantaged birds foraged faster and contrafreeloaded more. Early life stress has a lasting legacy on foraging behaviour and mass regulation.