Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts nonlinear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals.

Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts nonlinear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals.
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DOI:
10.1098/rspb.2021.1884
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发表时间:
2022-02-23
期刊:
Proceedings. Biological sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
English S
English S
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Barreaux AMG;Higginson AD;Bonsall MB;English S

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异植型父母面临着在分配现有资源用于繁殖与最大化生存以产生更多后代之间的权衡。父母的分配随着年龄的变化而变化,并在包括哺乳动物、鸟类和无脊椎动物在内的不同分类群中遵循驼峰形状的模式。这种非线性的分配模式缺乏一般的理论解释,可能是因为大多数研究侧重于后代数量而不是质量,并且没有考虑能量摄入量或成本的不确定性或年龄相关性。在这里,我们发展了一个母体分配的生活史模型。当能量成本、喂养成功率、能量摄入量和环境驱动的死亡风险与年龄相关时,我们确定了响应随机性的最优分配策略。作为一个案例,我们使用了采采虫,这是一种胎生昆虫,每次繁殖尝试都会产生一个后代,依赖于不确定的脊椎动物血液的食物供应。当能量成本和能量摄入量随着年龄的增长而增加时,以及当能量摄入量减少而能量成本增加或减少时,不同的情景会产生驼峰形的分配。喂养成功和环境驱动的死亡风险对分配中的年龄依赖性影响很小。我们的结论是,在这些有影响力的性状中普遍存在的年龄相关性证据可以解释不同分类群体中非线性母体分配的流行。
Iteroparous parents face a trade-off between allocating current resources to reproduction versus maximizing survival to produce further offspring. Parental allocation varies across age and follows a hump-shaped pattern across diverse taxa, including mammals, birds and invertebrates. This nonlinear allocation pattern lacks a general theoretical explanation, potentially because most studies focus on offspring number rather than quality and do not incorporate uncertainty or age-dependence in energy intake or costs. Here, we develop a life-history model of maternal allocation in iteroparous animals. We identify the optimal allocation strategy in response to stochasticity when energetic costs, feeding success, energy intake and environmentally driven mortality risk are age-dependent. As a case study, we use tsetse, a viviparous insect that produces one offspring per reproductive attempt and relies on an uncertain food supply of vertebrate blood. Diverse scenarios generate a hump-shaped allocation when energetic costs and energy intake increase with age and also when energy intake decreases and energetic costs increase or decrease. Feeding success and environmentally driven mortality risk have little influence on age-dependence in allocation. We conclude that ubiquitous evidence for age-dependence in these influential traits can explain the prevalence of nonlinear maternal allocation across diverse taxonomic groups.
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