Laws Harsh As Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law
Laws Harsh As Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law
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法律严酷如虎：中国移民与现代移民法的塑造
DOI：
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发表时间：
1995
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lucy E. Salyer
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作者：
Lucy E. Salyer
露西·萨莱尔主要聚焦于对华人的排斥，分析了20世纪初本土主义情绪高涨时期围绕移民法及其执行的大众和法律层面的争论。她认为，世纪之交发生在华人移民、美国政府官员和联邦下级法院之间的斗争确立了一些基本原则，这些原则至今仍主导着移民法，并使其在美国法律的各个分支中独树一帜。通过确立华人在移民政策中的核心地位，萨莱尔还将西海岸亚洲移民的历史与东海岸欧洲移民的历史融合起来。萨莱尔表明，华人移民和华裔美国人对排外移民政策的执行发起了复杂且往往成功的法律挑战。具有讽刺意味的是，他们持续的诉讼推动了法律学说的发展，这些学说使移民局拥有了越来越大的权力来抵制反抗。事实上，到1924年，移民法已开始偏离宪法规范，移民局已成为一个异常强大的机构，不受其他政府机构所受的诸多限制。
Focusing primarily on the exclusion of the Chinese, Lucy Salyer analyzes the popular and legal debates surrounding immigration law and its enforcement during the height of nativist sentiment in the early twentieth century. She argues that the struggles between Chinese immigrants, U.S. government officials, and the lower federal courts that took place around the turn of the century established fundamental principles that continue to dominate immigration law today and make it unique among branches of American law. By establishing the centrality of the Chinese to immigration policy, Salyer also integrates the history of Asian immigrants on the West Coast with that of European immigrants in the East. Salyer demonstrates that Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans mounted sophisticated and often-successful legal challenges to the enforcement of exclusionary immigration policies. Ironically, their persistent litigation contributed to the development of legal doctrines that gave the Bureau of Immigration increasing power to counteract resistance. Indeed, by 1924, immigration law had begun to diverge from constitutional norms, and the Bureau of Immigration had emerged as an exceptionally powerful organization, free from many of the constraints imposed upon other government agencies.