On the pathways and timescales of intercontinental air pollution transport
On the pathways and timescales of intercontinental air pollution transport
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DOI：
10.1029/2001jd001396
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发表时间：
2002-12-04
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Spichtinger, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stohl, A;Eckhardt, S;Spichtinger, N
[1]本文介绍了一个为期1年的模拟运输的六个被动示踪剂，释放在大陆根据一氧化碳（CO）的排放清单。拉格朗日的概念被引入到全球网格上的示踪剂浓度的年龄谱，以确定从大陆的污染输出的时间尺度和途径。计算这些年龄谱相当于模拟许多（准连续）羽流，每个羽流开始于不同的时间，随后合并。在因特网网站上提供了示踪剂散布的影片。据发现，来自亚洲的排放经验最快的垂直传输，而欧洲的排放有最强的倾向，留在对流层低层。欧洲的排放物主要被输送到北极，似乎是造成北极烟雾问题的主要因素。来自逆风大陆的示踪剂首先到达对流层上层的受体大陆，通常在大约4天后。只有后来的外来示踪剂也到达对流层低层。假设2天的寿命，国内示踪剂占主导地位的总示踪剂柱在所有大陆，除了在澳大利亚，外国示踪剂占20%的示踪剂质量。相比之下，在20天的生命周期中，即使是国内排放量高的大陆也会从外国大陆获得一半以上的示踪剂负荷。三个特殊的区域被确定的示踪剂被运送到，示踪剂稀释缓慢。因此，未来的实地研究应部署在以下区域：（1）在冬季，亚洲示踪剂在印度尼西亚和印度洋上空积累，这一区域被推测为平流层喷泉。(2)在夏季，亚洲示踪剂的最高浓度出现在中东。(3)夏季，北美示踪剂浓度最高的地区是地中海。
[1] This paper presents results of a 1- year simulation of the transport of six passive tracers, released over the continents according to an emission inventory for carbon monoxide (CO). Lagrangian concepts are introduced to derive age spectra of the tracer concentrations on a global grid in order to determine the timescales and pathways of pollution export from the continents. Calculating these age spectra is equivalent to simulating many (quasi continuous) plumes, each starting at a different time, which are subsequently merged. Movies of the tracer dispersion have been made available on an Internet website. It is found that emissions from Asia experience the fastest vertical transport, whereas European emissions have the strongest tendency to remain in the lower troposphere. European emissions are transported primarily into the Arctic and appear to be the major contributor to the Arctic haze problem. Tracers from an upwind continent first arrive over a receptor continent in the upper troposphere, typically after some 4 days. Only later foreign tracers also arrive in the lower troposphere. Assuming a 2- day lifetime, the domestic tracers dominate total tracer columns over all continents except over Australia where foreign tracers account for 20% of the tracer mass. In contrast, for a 20-day lifetime even continents with high domestic emissions receive more than half of their tracer burden from foreign continents. Three special regions were identified where tracers are transported to, and tracer dilution is slow. Future field studies therefore should be deployed in the following regions: (1) In the winter, the Asia tracer accumulates over Indonesia and the Indian Ocean, a region speculated to be a stratospheric fountain. (2) In the summer, the highest concentrations of the Asia tracer are found in the Middle East. (3) In the summer, the highest concentrations of the North America tracer are found in the Mediterranean.