Stereotype Threat Spillover: How Coping With Threats to Social Identity Affects Aggression, Eating, Decision Making, and Attention
Stereotype Threat Spillover: How Coping With Threats to Social Identity Affects Aggression, Eating, Decision Making, and Attention
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DOI：
10.1037/a0018951
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发表时间：
2010-09-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Kang, Sonia K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Inzlicht, Michael;Kang, Sonia K.
刻板印象威胁溢出是一种情境困境，在这种困境中，应对刻板印象被证实所带来的压力会使人处于一种意志耗竭的状态，从而在各个领域都不太可能进行费力的自我控制。我们在4项研究中对这一现象进行了检验，在这些研究中，我们让参与者应对刻板印象和社会身份威胁，然后测量他们在刻板印象并不“明显存在”的领域中的表现。在研究1中，我们检验了参加一场具有威胁性的数学考试是否会导致女性做出攻击性反应。在研究2中，我们调查了应对一场具有威胁性的数学考试是否会导致女性之后放纵自己食用不健康的食物，并检验了那些影响对身份威胁评估的个人特征对这种效应的调节作用。在研究3中，我们调查了生动地回忆一次社会身份威胁的经历是否会导致冒险决策。最后，在研究4中，我们探究了应对威胁是否会直接影响注意力控制，以及这种效应是否如脑电图所评估的那样是由低效的表现监测所导致的。我们的研究结果表明，刻板印象威胁会溢出并影响到各种非刻板印象领域的自我控制。这些结果揭示了刻板印象威胁的影响力，并且其负面后果可能比之前所认为的更为广泛。
Stereotype threat spillover is a situational predicament in which coping with the stress of stereotype confirmation leaves one in a depleted volitional state and thus less likely to engage in effortful self-control in a variety of domains. We examined this phenomenon in 4 studies in which we had participants cope with stereotype and social identity threat and then measured their performance in domains in which stereotypes were not "in the air." In Study 1 we examined whether taking a threatening math test could lead women to respond aggressively. In Study 2 we investigated whether coping with a threatening math test could lead women to indulge themselves with unhealthy food later on and examined the moderation of this effect by personal characteristics that contribute to identity-threat appraisals. In Study 3 we investigated whether vividly remembering an experience of social identity threat results in risky decision making. Finally, in Study 4 we asked whether coping with threat could directly influence attentional control and whether the effect was implemented by inefficient performance monitoring, as assessed by electroencephalography. Our results indicate that stereotype threat can spill over and impact self-control in a diverse array of nonstereotyped domains. These results reveal the potency of stereotype threat and that its negative consequences might extend further than was previously thought.