Temporal relationship between premonitory urges and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Temporal relationship between premonitory urges and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.008
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发表时间：
2016-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Muenchau, Alexander
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brandt, Valerie C.;Beck, Christian;Muenchau, Alexander
先兆冲动是图雷特综合征的一个主要特征，通常被视为抽搐的驱动力，在抽搐发生前建立，在抽搐发生后消退。虽然冲动与抽搐的相互作用是抽动秽语综合征最突出的特征之一，但抽搐与冲动之间的时间关系从未被实验研究过，主要是由于缺乏适当的评估工具。我们调查了17名Tourette患者的冲动强度和抽搐之间的时间关系，以及16名健康对照者的冲动强度和眨眼之间的时间关系。闪烁状态和抽搐/闪烁抑制状态。为此，开发了一种冲动评估工具，可以实时监测和量化冲动强度。与自由抽动/眨眼相比，抽动秽语患者和健康对照组在抑制条件下的冲动强度更高，而抽动和眨眼发生频率较低。数据显示，冲动强度在抽动前增加，在抽动后减少，时间窗口约为+/- 10秒。抽动抑制对抽动周围的冲动分布的形状有显着影响，并导致冲动强度和抽动之间的相关性的大小减少，表明抽动抑制导致抽动和urges.In健康对照解耦，敦促眨眼与眨眼执行高度相关，虽然在较窄的时间范围内（类似于+/- 5秒）。眨眼抑制对与眨眼相关的冲动分布有类似的影响，就像抽动抑制对Tourette患者抽动的冲动一样，这些结果证实了负强化模型，该模型提出抽动与冲动的缓解有关，从而使抽动行为持续下去。这项研究还记录了健康对照组的行动冲动和抽动秽语综合征的抽动冲动之间的相似性和差异。(C)2016爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有
Premonitory urges are a cardinal feature in Tourette syndrome and are commonly viewed as the driving force of tics, building up before and subsiding after the execution of tics. Although the urge-tic interplay is one of the most preeminent features in Tourette syndrome, the temporal relationship between tics and urges has never been examined experimentally, mainly due to the lack of an appropriate assessment tool.We investigated the temporal relationship between urge intensity and tics in 17 Tourette patients and between urge intensity and eye blinks in 16 healthy controls in a free ticcing/blinking condition and a tic/blink suppression condition. For this purpose, an urge assessment tool was developed that allows real-time monitoring and quantification of urge intensity.Compared to free ticcing/blinking, urge intensity was higher during the suppression condition in both Tourette patients and healthy controls, while tics and blinks occurred less frequently.The data show that urge intensity increases prior to tics and decreases after tics in a time window of approximately +/- 10 sec. Tic suppression had a significant effect on the shape of the urge distribution around tics and led to a decrease in the size of the correlation between urge intensity and tics, indicating that tic suppression led to a de-coupling of tics and urges.In healthy controls, urges to blink were highly associated with eye blink execution, albeit in a narrower time frame (similar to +/- 5 sec). Blink suppression had a similar effect on the urge distribution associated with eye blinks as tic suppression had on the urge to tic in Tourette patients.These results corroborate the negative reinforcement model, which proposes that tics are associated with a relief in urges, thereby perpetuating ticcing behaviour. This study also documents similarities and differences between urges to act in healthy controls and urges to tic in Tourette syndrome. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.