The TPP Agreement: An Anti-Privacy Treaty for Most of APEC
The TPP Agreement: An Anti-Privacy Treaty for Most of APEC
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TPP 协议：对大多数 APEC 成员来说是一项反隐私条约
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
G. Greenleaf
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作者：
G. Greenleaf
占全球经济40%的12个环太平洋国家，包括除中国以外的最重要的APEC经济体，已经就一项历史性的自由贸易协定达成一致，其他国家正在排队加入。跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（TPP）经过八年谈判，于2015年10月5日在格鲁吉亚亚特兰大签署。该公约尚未获得必要的批准。TPP的所有12个初始缔约方都是APEC成员经济体：澳大利亚、文莱达鲁萨兰国、加拿大、智利、日本、马来西亚、墨西哥、新西兰、秘鲁、新加坡、美国和越南。印尼、韩国、台湾和菲律宾也表示有兴趣加入TPP。TPP是首个在《服务贸易总协定》（GATS）第十四条（c）款（ii）项之外，对隐私/数据保护做出详细规定的多边贸易协定。从隐私的角度来看，TPP的要求绝大多数是负面的，因为它们：（a）不包括保护隐私的实质性或有意义的要求;（B）加上禁止数据出口限制或数据本地化要求，只能通过复杂的“四步测试”来克服;以及（c）国家之间或根据投资者-国家争端解决机制（ISDS）条款进行强制执行程序的风险，这两种程序都涉及可疑法庭的不确定结果和潜在的巨额损害赔偿要求。如果TPP未能获得批准，无论人们如何看待其其他潜在的经济优势，这都将是隐私保护的净收益。
Twelve Pacific-rim nations accounting for 40% of the global economy, including most significant APEC economies other than China, have reached agreement on a historic free-trade agreement, and others are queuing up to join. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) was signed in Atlanta, Georgia on 5 October 2015 after eight years of negotiation. It is yet to obtain the necessary ratifications. All twelve initial parties to the TPP are APEC member economies: Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; Japan; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Peru; Singapore; the United States; and Vietnam. Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines have also expressed interest in joining.The TPP is the first multilateral trade agreement with detailed provisions relating to privacy/data protection that go beyond GATS Article XIV(c)(ii). The TPP requirements are overwhelmingly negative from a privacy perspective, because they: (a) include no substantive or meaningful requirements to protect privacy; (b) are coupled with prohibitions on data export limitations or data localisation requirements that can only be overcome by a complex ‘four step test’ of justification; and (c) are backed up by the risk of enforcement proceedings between states or under ISDS (investor-state dispute settlement) provisions, both involving uncertain outcomes from dubious tribunals and potentially very large damages claims. If the TPP fails to be ratified, this will be a net gain for privacy protection, whatever one thinks about its other potential economic advantages.