Printed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Device
Printed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Device
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DOI：
10.1002/aenm.201300427
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
27.8
通讯作者：
Huebler, Arved Carl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ali, Moazzam;Prakash, Deep;Huebler, Arved Carl
由人类、机器或风引起的运动/振动形式的机械应变能在我们周围大量存在。大量的这种可再生能源可以通过使用压电装置来收集。[1]已经报道了各种压电能量收集装置（PEHD），主要针对小面积应用。例如，小面积PEHD足够有效以通过人类运动或通过身体弯曲来收获大量的生物能量。[2]根据最近的一份报告，分散在聚合物基体中的BaTiO 3纳米颗粒和碳纳米管的混合物可以产生高达3.2V的电压[3]BaTiO 3薄膜纳米发电机的输出电压为1.0 V，电流密度为0.19 µ A cm-2。[4]报道了一种基于ZnO纳米线/聚（偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯）的混合纳米发电机，其输出电压、电流密度和功率密度分别为0.1 V、10 nA cm-2和16 µ W cm-3。[5]通过在ZnO薄膜上添加p型半导体聚合物，可以将ZnO薄膜的压电发电提高18倍。[6]所有这些PEHD都被开发为仅从小区域收集机械应变能。然而，PEHD也可以用于在更大的区域上获得可用的机械应变能。例如，放置在地板上的PEHD可以在人们走过它时产生能量。可以将大面积的PEHD以旗帜的形式挂在外面，以从风中收集能量。大面积PEHD的生产需要能够以高生产速度以成本有效的方式生产它们的方法。卷对卷印刷技术，即凹版印刷，柔性版印刷，胶印和丝网印刷，可以有效地用于生产大面积应用的PEHD。这些都是成熟的生产技术，可在世界各地的印刷应用。柔性版印刷的优点是它是一种相对便宜的印刷工艺，主要用于包装印刷。对于不需要高分辨率的较大面积印刷，这是一种合适的生产技术。在过去的十年中，许多创新的电子元件已经通过使用卷对卷印刷方法开发出来。[7-9]最近，我们的小组已经报道了通过使用凹版印刷和柔性版印刷方法在纸卷上印刷有机太阳能电池。[10]我们还报道了通过柔性版印刷在纸基板上的压电扬声器。[11]在这里，我们报告了在环境条件下通过柔性版印刷方法完全印刷的PEHD。锆钛酸铅（PZT）是目前性能最好的压电材料之一，但由于其机械刚度的限制，限制了其在能量收集方面的应用。近年来，人们采用了多种方法来开发基于PZT的柔性PEHD，即PZT条带和PZT纤维复合材料。[12由于PEHD产生交流电（AC），它们不能直接用于运行大多数需要DC电流的电子设备。交流到直流的转换是由整流器完成的。在这里，我们还报告了一个印刷桥式整流器，将收获的AC转换为DC电流。印刷技术在过去已经用于印刷用于射频识别（RFID）应用的各种有机二极管。[14在这里，我们报告四个二极管为基础的桥式整流器产生的四个简单的柔性版印刷步骤。
Mechanical strain energies in the form of movements/vibrations caused by human, machine or wind are available all around us in large quantities. A substantial amount of this renewable energy can be harvested by using piezoelectric devices.[1] Various piezoelectric energy harvesting devices (PEHDs) have been reported, mainly targeting small area applications. For example, small area PEHDs are efficient enough to harvest substantial quantity of biological energy by human movement or by body bending.[2] According to a recent report, a mixture of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes dispersed in a polymer matrix can generate up to 3.2 V.[3] BaTiO 3 thin film based nanogenerators have been reported with an output voltage of 1.0 V and a current density of 0.19 µ A cm–2.[4] A hybrid nanogenerator based on ZnO nanowire/poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene) has been reported with output voltage, current density and power density of 0.1 V, 10 nA cm–2 and 16 µ W cm–3, respectively.[5] Piezoelectric power generation from ZnO film can be enhanced 18-fold by an addition of a p-type semiconducting polymer on top of it.[6] All these PEHDs are developed to harvest mechanical strain energy only from small areas. However, PEHDs can be used to harvest mechanical strain energy available on larger areas too. For example, PEHDs placed on a floor can generate energy when people walk over it. A large area sheet of PEHD in the form of a flag can be hung outside to harvest energy from wind. Production of large area PEHDs requires a method that can produce them in a cost effective manner with a high production speed. Roll-to-roll printing techniques, ie, gravure, flexography, offset and screen, can be effectively used to produce PEHDs for large area applications. These are wellestablished production techniques, available all over the world for printing applications. An advantage of flexography printing is that it is a relatively inexpensive printing process, used mostly for package printing. For a larger area printing, which does not require a high resolution, it is a suitable production technique. In the last decade many innovative electronic components have been developed by using roll-to-roll printing methods.[7–9] Recently, our group has reported printed organic solar cells on a roll of paper by using gravure and flexographic printing methods.[10] We also have reported piezoelectric loudspeakers printed by flexography on a paper substrate.[11]Here, we report on a PEHD that is fully printed by the flexographic printing method in ambient conditions. Although lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is one of the best piezoelectric materials, its application in energy harvesting is limited because of its mechanical rigidity. Recently, many approaches have been made to develop flexible PZT based PEHDs, ie, PZT ribbons and PZT fiber composite.[12, 13] As PEHDs generate alternating currents (AC), they can not be used directly to run most of the electronic devices, which require DC currents. The conversion of AC to DC is done by a rectifier. Here we also report on a printed bridge rectifier to convert harvested AC into DC current. Printing techniques have already been used in the past to print various organic diodes for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications.[14, 15] Here we report on a four-diode-based bridge rectifier produced by four simple flexographic printing steps.