Brain Networks Underlying Episodic Memory Retrieval This Review Comes from a Themed Issue on Macrocircuits Memory Signals within the Mtl
Brain Networks Underlying Episodic Memory Retrieval This Review Comes from a Themed Issue on Macrocircuits Memory Signals within the Mtl
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通讯作者：
M. Rugg;Kaia L. Vilberg;Steve Petersen;Wolf Singer
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作者：
M. Rugg;Kaia L. Vilberg;Steve Petersen;Wolf Singer
内侧颞叶对情景记忆的重要性已经被认识了几十年。最近的人类功能磁共振成像研究结果已经开始描绘不同的MTL区域，最显着的是海马体的功能作用，为情节记忆的检索。重要的是，这些研究还确定了一个皮层区域网络-每个区域都与MTL相互连接-在成功的情景提取过程中也一直参与其中。沿着MTL，这些区域似乎构成了一个与内容无关的网络，与代表提取内容的皮层区域协同作用，以支持对先前经验的有意识可访问的表征。情景记忆--对独特事件的有意识可访问的记忆--使我们能够代表过去的经历，并灵活地利用这些代表来服务于当前和未来的目标。本综述主要集中在最近的人类功能磁共振成像研究结果相关的功能神经解剖成功的情景记忆检索。大多数回顾的研究都以记忆的“双过程”模型为出发点[2，3]。这些模型认为，提取线索（如再认记忆测试项目）可以引出两种性质不同的记忆信息：多维回忆信号，提供有关先前事件的定性方面的信息，包括其上下文，和标量熟悉信号，可以支持简单的判断先前发生。从这个角度来看，识别情景提取的神经基础需要实验设计，允许回忆驱动和熟悉驱动的记忆分离（框1）。目前的证据表明，回忆和熟悉之间的区别都保持在MTL和大脑皮层的水平，在成功的回忆过程中，似乎是优先参与的区域网络可以确定。MTL -海马及其周围的鼻周、内嗅和海马旁皮质-长期以来被认为是支持情景记忆的关键脑区。让人想起灵长类动物的电生理学发现[4]，fMRI研究报告说，嗅周活动与识别记忆测试项目的熟悉程度呈负相关（例如，[5]）。这些fMRI结果与动物损伤研究[6]和人类单一病例研究[7]的证据一致，这些研究表明，嗅周皮层在基于熟悉的识别中发挥着突出作用。然而，嗅周皮层并不是唯一一个表现出熟悉识别记忆项目活动减少的MTL区域，几项研究报告了海马体的类似发现，在某些情况下，似乎在相同的海马体区域。
The importance of the medial temporal lobe to episodic memory has been recognized for decades. Recent human fMRI findings have begun to delineate the functional roles of different MTL regions, most notably the hippocampus, for the retrieval of episodic memories. Importantly, these studies have also identified a network of cortical regions — each interconnected with the MTL — that are also consistently engaged during successful episodic retrieval. Along with the MTL these regions appear to constitute a content-independent network that acts in concert with cortical regions representing the contents of retrieval to support consciously accessible representations of prior experiences. Introduction Episodic memory — consciously accessible memory for unique events — allows us to represent past experiences and to flexibly employ these representations in service of current and future goals [1]. The present review focuses on recent human fMRI findings relevant to the functional neuroanatomy of successful episodic memory retrieval. The majority of the reviewed studies took as their starting point a 'dual-process' model of memory [2,3]. These models posit that a retrieval cue (such as a recognition memory test item) can elicit two qualitatively distinct kinds of mnemonic information: a multi-dimensional recollection signal that provides information about qualitative aspects of a prior event, including its context, and a scalar familiarity signal that can support simple judgments of prior occurrence. From this perspective, identifying the neural bases of episodic retrieval requires experimental designs that permit recollection-driven and familiarity-driven memory to be dissociated (Box 1). Current evidence suggests that the distinction between recollection and familiarity holds both within the MTL and at the level of the cerebral cortex, where a network of regions that appears to be preferentially engaged during successful recollection can be identified. The MTL — the hippocampus and surrounding peri-rhinal, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices — has long been recognized as a key brain area supporting episodic memory. Reminiscent of electrophysiological findings in primates [4], fMRI studies have reported that perirhinal activity covaries inversely with the familiarity of recognition memory test items (e.g., [5]). These fMRI results are consistent with evidence from animal lesion studies [6] and a human single-case study [7] that suggest a pre-eminent role for perirhinal cortex in familiarity-based recognition. Perirhinal cortex is not, however, the only MTL region to demonstrate activity reductions for familiar recognition memory items, with several studies reporting similar findings for the hippocampus, in some cases seemingly in the same hippocampal regions that …