Overland dispersal of aquatic invasive species: a risk assessment of transient recreational boating.
Overland dispersal of aquatic invasive species: a risk assessment of transient recreational boating.
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水生入侵物种的陆上扩散：短暂休闲划船的风险评估。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Carlton
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Johnson;A. Ricciardi;J. Carlton
对引进物种的地理传播的预测往往受到缺乏关于其传播机制的数据的限制。我们在美国密歇根州圣克莱尔湖的公共游艇上采访了船民并检查了游艇设备，以评估入侵双壳类斑马贻贝通过短暂的娱乐划船活动通过陆路分散到内陆水域的潜力。与游艇有关的几种机制被发现能够运送幼虫或成虫的生命阶段。在船只携带的所有形式的水中(即在活井、舱底、诱饵桶和发动机中)都发现了幼虫，但据估计，活井中的幼虫比其他地方多40-100倍。然而，在接收水中稀释应大大降低通过引入幼虫而建立新种群的风险。与人们普遍认为的相反，贻贝从这些船的下水中扩散并不是通过直接附着在临时船只上发生的。相反，成年贻贝和幼贻贝主要通过缠绕在拖船上的大型植物运输，较少通过锚运输(分别占离港船只的5.3%和0.9%)。结合这些数据与空中存活率和报告的船主目的地的估计，我们预测，离开这些访问地点的拖车船中，最多有0.12%的拖车船仅通过缠绕的大型植物运输将活的成年贻贝运送到内陆水域。虽然这是一个很小的可能性，但高水平的媒介活动导致预测，在所研究的主要船只下水后的夏季期间，总共有170次扩散到内陆水域。许多其他可能的媒介仍有待评估，但必须控制拖船对斑马贻贝的扩散，特别是通过“搭载”缠绕在拖车上的大型植物，以限制斑马贻贝在北美范围内的进一步扩大。
Predictions of the geographic spread of introduced species are often limited by a lack of data on their mechanisms of dispersal. We interviewed boaters and inspected boating equipment at public boat launches on Lake St. Clair (Michigan, USA) to assess the potential for the zebra mussel, an invasive bivalve, to be dispersed overland to inland waters by transient recreational boating activities. Several mechanisms associated with recreational boating were found to be capable of transporting either larval or adult life stages. Larvae were found in all forms of water carried by boats (i.e., in live wells, bilges, bait buckets, and engines) but were estimated to be 40–100× more abundant in live wells than other locations. Dilution in receiving waters should, however, greatly reduce the risk of establishing new populations by the introduction of larvae. Contrary to common belief, mussel dispersal from these boat launches did not occur by direct attachment to transient boats. Rather, adult and juvenile mussels were transported primarily on macrophytes entangled on boat trailers and, less frequently, on anchors (5.3% and 0.9% of departing boats, respectively). Combining these data with estimates of survival in air and reported boater destinations, we predict that a maximum of 0.12% of the trailered boats departing these access sites delivered live adult mussels to inland waters solely by transport on entangled macrophytes. While this is a small probability, high levels of vector activity resulted in a prediction of a total of 170 dispersal events to inland waters within the summer season from the primary boat launch studied. Many other potential vectors remain to be assessed, but the dispersal of zebra mussels by trailered boats, particularly by “piggybacking” on macrophytes entangled on the trailers, must be controlled in order to limit further range expansion of the zebra mussel within North America.