Access Across America: Auto 2015
Access Across America: Auto 2015
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畅游美国：2015 年汽车
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Levinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Andrew Owen;Brendan Murphy;D. Levinson
可达性是指到达重要目的地的便捷程度。它可以在一天中的不同时间进行测量（早高峰的可达性可能低于不太拥挤的中午时段）。可以针对每种模式进行测量（步行的可达性通常低于公共交通的可达性，而公共交通的可达性通常低于汽车的可达性）。衡量可达性的方法有很多种，但在给定的出行时间内可到达的目的地数量是最容易理解、最透明的，也是跨城市最直接可比的。本报告重点关注开车上班的便利性。工作是最重要的非家庭目的地，但也可以衡量其他类型目的地的可达性。汽车仍然是美国最广泛使用的通勤方式。本研究估计了美国 1100 万个人口普查区中每个人口普查区通过汽车获得工作的可达性，并分析了 50 个最大（按人口计算）大都市区的这些数据。行程时间是根据详细的道路网络和速度数据计算得出的，这些数据反映了周三上午 8 点出发的典型情况。此外，还将上午 8 点的可达性结果与凌晨 4 点的可达性结果进行比较，以估计道路和高速公路拥堵对工作可达性的影响。排名由可及性的加权平均值决定，距离更近、更容易获得的工作权重更高。 10 分钟内可到达的工作权重最高，随着行程时间增加到 60 分钟，工作的权重逐渐减小。该报告提供了每个大都市区详细的可达性和拥堵影响值以及说明每个区域内可达性空间模式的街区级地图。它还包括一张人口普查区域级地图，显示全国范围内的可达性模式。
Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured across different times of day (accessibility in the morning rush might be lower than the less-congested midday period). It can be measured for each mode (accessibility by walking is usually lower than accessibility by transit, which is usually lower than accessibility by car). There are a variety of ways to measure accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This report focuses on accessibility to jobs by car. Jobs are the most significant nonhome destination, but it is also possible to measure accessibility to other types of destinations. The automobile remains the most widely used mode for commuting trips in the United States. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by auto for each of the 11 million U.S. census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times are calculated using a detailed road network and speed data that reflect typical conditions for an 8 a.m. Wednesday morning departure. Additionally, the accessibility results for 8 a.m. are compared with accessibility results for 4 a.m. to estimate the impact of road and highway congestion on job accessibility. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of accessibility, with a higher weight given to closer, easier-to-access jobs. Jobs reachable within 10 minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. The report presents detailed accessibility and congestion impact values for each metropolitan area as well as block-level maps that illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. It also includes a census tract-level map that shows accessibility patterns at a national scale.