The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS.
The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS.
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2010.0031
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发表时间：
2010-08-27
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Hahn, Beatrice H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sharp, Paul M;Hahn, Beatrice H
获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）的主要原因是人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV-1）。我们一直在使用进化比较来追踪（i）HIV-1的起源和（ii）艾滋病的起源。HIV-1的近亲是感染非洲中西部野生黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes troglodytes）和大猩猩（Gorilla gorilla gorilla）的猿免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）。系统发育分析揭示了HIV-1的起源：黑猩猩是这一病毒分支的原始宿主; HIV-1的四个谱系是通过独立的跨物种传播给人类而出现的，其中一两个可能是通过大猩猩传播的。然而，SIV主要是猴病毒：超过40种非洲猴感染了它们自己的物种特异性SIV，至少在某些宿主物种中，这种感染似乎是非致病性的。黑猩猩从猴子那里获得了两种不同形式的SIV，它们重组后产生了一种具有独特基因组结构的病毒。我们已经发现SIV感染会导致野生黑猩猩的CD 4（+）T细胞减少，并增加死亡率，因此艾滋病的起源比HIV-1的起源更古老。追踪猴病毒适应感染黑猩猩和人类时发生的遗传变化，可能会深入了解这些病毒致病性的原因。
The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in west central Africa. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed the origins of HIV-1: chimpanzees were the original hosts of this clade of viruses; four lineages of HIV-1 have arisen by independent cross-species transmissions to humans and one or two of those transmissions may have been via gorillas. However, SIVs are primarily monkey viruses: more than 40 species of African monkeys are infected with their own, species-specific, SIV and in at least some host species, the infection seems non-pathogenic. Chimpanzees acquired from monkeys two distinct forms of SIVs that recombined to produce a virus with a unique genome structure. We have found that SIV infection causes CD4(+) T-cell depletion and increases mortality in wild chimpanzees, and so the origin of AIDS is more ancient than the origin of HIV-1. Tracing the genetic changes that occurred as monkey viruses adapted to infect first chimpanzees and then humans may provide insights into the causes of the pathogenicity of these viruses.