The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective
The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective
复制标题
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.040865
复制
发表时间：
2010-03-15
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Stice, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hayes, T. B.;Falso, P.;Stice, M.
世界上超过70%的两栖动物物种正在减少。我们提出，全球两栖动物数量减少的原因可能不是单一的，并提出了一个三层分层的方法来解决导致两栖动物数量减少的最终因素和近似因素之间的相互作用。两栖动物数量下降有两个直接的（近似的）原因：死亡和繁殖减少（繁殖失败）。虽然很多注意力都集中在死亡上，但很少有研究涉及由于招募失败而导致数量下降的因素。此外，大量的注意力集中在病原体在诱导导致死亡的疾病中的作用，但我们认为病原体的成功还受到其他四个最终因素的深刻影响：大气变化、环境污染物、栖息地改变和入侵物种。环境污染物可能是两栖动物数量减少的重要因素，因为它们已经意识到影响招募的潜力。此外，许多研究记录了农药的免疫抑制作用，表明环境污染物在增加病原体毒力和发病率方面的作用。增加对招募和与病原体相互作用的最终因素的关注对于应对这一全球危机非常重要。
Greater than 70% of the world's amphibian species are in decline. We propose that there is probably not a single cause for global amphibian declines and present a three-tiered hierarchical approach that addresses interactions among and between ultimate and proximate factors that contribute to amphibian declines. There are two immediate (proximate) causes of amphibian declines: death and decreased recruitment (reproductive failure). Although much attention has focused on death, few studies have addressed factors that contribute to declines as a result of failed recruitment. Further, a great deal of attention has focused on the role of pathogens in inducing diseases that cause death, but we suggest that pathogen success is profoundly affected by four other ultimate factors: atmospheric change, environmental pollutants, habitat modification and invasive species. Environmental pollutants arise as likely important factors in amphibian declines because they have realized potential to affect recruitment. Further, many studies have documented immunosuppressive effects of pesticides, suggesting a role for environmental contaminants in increased pathogen virulence and disease rates. Increased attention to recruitment and ultimate factors that interact with pathogens is important in addressing this global crisis.