Filial attachment in sheep: Similarities and differences between ewe-lamb and human-lamb relationships
Filial attachment in sheep: Similarities and differences between ewe-lamb and human-lamb relationships
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DOI：
10.1016/j.applanim.2014.09.013
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发表时间：
2015-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Boivin, Xavier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nowak, Raymond;Boivin, Xavier
动物发展与种内和种间伙伴的关系，包括人类。在某些情况下，这可能会导致强烈的情感纽带，表明依恋的存在。众所周知，羊会发展出各种形式的社会依恋（母亲对孩子，羊羔对兄弟姐妹）。人们对它们与人类之间的关系知之甚少。在这篇综述中，基于人类婴儿依恋理论框架，我们概述了参与羔羊与母亲或人类发展的依恋行为的发展和表达的特征和机制。行为测试比较了羔羊对一个假定的依恋对象的反应与对不熟悉或熟悉的同类对象的反应，结果表明，羔羊确实会特别寻找靠近它们的母亲或人类照顾者的地方。在伴侣在场（平静）或不在的情况下（激动）也会表现出不同的情绪反应。然而，当羔羊在没有其主要依恋对象——母亲的情况下饲养时，与人类的关系更容易发生。人与羔羊之间的依恋会通过特定照顾者提供的积极的社会接触（温柔、亲手喂养）而得到促进。在依恋母亲的情况下，哺乳是主要的奖励。虽然敏感期的存在尚不清楚，但在这两种情况下，如果积极的互动在出生后立即发生，依恋发展得更快。三种神经化学系统对绵羊孝子依恋的表达有深远的影响：肠道肽胆囊收缩素、内源性阿片和催产素，它们都在哺乳动物的亲社会行为中起着关键作用。此外，积极的营养性或非营养性相互作用激活了参与社会和情感行为表达的特定大脑区域。综上所述，羔羊确实会产生种内和种间的依恋，但不是以伴随的方式，因为母亲的存在极大地降低了它们与人类互动的动机。然而，在人工饲养条件下，人类成为了一个突出的依恋对象。(C) 2014 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
Animals develop relationships with intra- and interspecific partners, including humans. In some cases this can lead to strong emotional bonds indicating the existence of attachment. The sheep is well known to develop various forms of social attachment (mothers towards young, lambs towards siblings). The relationship they can develop with humans is much less understood. In this review, based on the attachment theory framework developed in human infants, we outline features and mechanisms that participate in the development and the expression of affiliative behaviours that lambs can develop with their mother or a human. Behavioural tests comparing responses towards a presumed attachment figure with those directed towards unfamiliar or familiar conspecifics demonstrate that lambs do search specifically the proximity of their mother or human caregiver. Differential emotional responses in the presence (calmness) or the absence of the partner (agitation) are also expressed. However, a relationship with a human takes place more easily when lambs are reared without their primary attachment figure, the mother. Human-lamb attachment is then facilitated by positive social contacts (gentling, hand-feeding) provided by a specific caregiver. In the case of attachment with the mother, suckling is the main reward. Although the existence of a sensitive period is still unclear, in both cases attachment develops more rapidly if positive interactions take place immediately afterbirth. Three neurochemical systems have profound impact on the expression of filial attachment in sheep: the gut peptide cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and oxytocin, all known to play a key role in prosocial behaviours in mammals. In addition, positive nutritive or non-nutritive interactions activate specific brain regions that are involved in the expression of social and emotional behaviours. In conclusion, lambs do develop intra- and interspecific attachment but not in a concomitant manner as the presence of the mother strongly reduces their motivation to interact with a human. Nonetheless, under artificial rearing conditions the human becomes a salient attachment figure. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.