Dietary Response of Chimpanzees and Cercopithecines to Seasonal Variation in Fruit Abundance. I. Antifeedants
Dietary Response of Chimpanzees and Cercopithecines to Seasonal Variation in Fruit Abundance. I. Antifeedants
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黑猩猩和 Cercopithecines 对水果丰度季节性变化的饮食反应。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
K. Hunt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Wrangham;N. Conklin;K. Hunt
为了了解具有简单胃的食果灵长类动物的饮食差异，我们首次比较了黑猩猩和黑猩猩之间控制食物丰度的植物饮食。我们的目的是检验这样一个假设：猴子由于对化学拒食剂的饮食耐受而拥有更加多样化的饮食。我们的研究物种是黑猩猩、蓝猴、红尾猴和灰颊白眉猴，生活在乌干达基巴莱国家公园的重叠范围内。我们根据每组范围内具有成熟果实的树木的百分比来对食物丰度进行索引；这一年的情况变化很大。黑猩猩吃成熟水果的时间几乎是猴子的三倍，并且当成熟水果丰富时，它们的饮食几乎只限于成熟水果。猴子始终保持着多样化的饮食。当成熟的水果稀缺时，黑猩猩和猴子的饮食就会出现分歧。黑猩猩依靠木髓作为主要的后备食物，而猴子则转向未成熟的水果和种子。对于每个灵长类动物组，我们计算了 5 种拒食剂的总加权平均摄入量；缩合单宁 (CT)、径向扩散法测定的总单宁 (RD)、单萜 (MT)、三萜 (TT) 和中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)。猴子的 CT、RD、MT 和 TT 摄入量绝对高于黑猩猩，它们的 NDF 摄入量与黑猩猩没有差异，考虑到它们的体重较低，显得相对较高。然而与预期相反，水果短缺期间的饮食差异与拒食剂的绝对或相对摄入量的任何变化无关。例如，与黑猩猩相比，水果稀缺并不影响鹿猿拒食剂的相对摄入量。我们的研究结果表明，黑猩猩是成熟水果的专家，而颈猿则是多面手，其拒食剂的摄入量较高。尾猿饮食中成熟水果的比例较低尚未得到解释。下一步重要的一步是检验这样一个假设：基巴莱黑猩猩和颈猿之间的差异代表了猿和猴子之间更普遍的差异。
In order to understand dietary differentiation among frugivorous primates with simple stomachs, we present the first comparison of plant diets between chimpanzees and cercopithecine monkeys that controls for food abundance. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that monkeys have a more diverse diet as a result of their dietary tolerance for chemical antifeedants. Our study species are chimpanzees, blue monkeys, redtail monkeys, and gray-cheeked mangabeys living in overlapping ranges in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We indexed food abundance by the percentage of trees having ripe fruit within the range of each group; it varied widely during the year. Chimpanzees spent almost 3 times as much of their feeding time eating ripe fruits as the monkeys did and confined their diets almost exclusively to ripe fruits when they were abundant. Monkeys maintained a diverse diet at all times. When ripe fruit was scarce chimpanzee and monkey diets diverged. Chimpanzees relied on piths as their main fallback food, whereas monkeys turned to unripe fruits and seeds. For each primate group we calculated the total weighted mean intake of 5 antifeedants; condensed tannins (CT), total tannins assayed by radial diffusion (RD), monoterpenoids (MT), triterpenoids (TT), and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF). Monkeys had absolutely higher intakes of CT, RD, MT, and TT than those of chimpanzees, and their intake of NDF did not differ from that of chimpanzees, appearing relatively high given their lower body weights. However contrary to expectation, dietary divergence during fruit scarcity was not associated with any change in absolute or relative intake of antifeedants. For example, fruit scarcity did not affect the relative intake of antifeedants by cercopithecines compared to chimpanzees. Our results establish chimpanzees as ripe-fruit specialists, whereas cercopithecines are generalists with a higher intake of antifeedants. The low representation of ripe fruits in the diets of cercopithecines has not been explained. An important next step is to test the hypothesis that the difference between Kibale chimpanzees and cercopithecines represents a more general difference between apes and monkeys.