Adverse effects of nutritional programming during prenatal and early postnatal life, some aspects of regulation and potential prevention and treatments.
Adverse effects of nutritional programming during prenatal and early postnatal life, some aspects of regulation and potential prevention and treatments.
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发表时间：
2009-10
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通讯作者：
P. Guilloteau;R. Zabielski;H. Hammon;C. Metges
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作者：
P. Guilloteau;R. Zabielski;H. Hammon;C. Metges
讨论了营养规划、调节以及一些预防/治疗方法，以改善规划的不良结果或使其正常化。人体和动物实验的流行病学研究表明，胎儿和新生儿时期的营养可能导致成年后的相关疾病。但一些争论可能会质疑其有效性，从而产生用于重现人类情况的适当模型的问题。讨论了新生儿时期婴儿摄入的配方奶粉中的蛋白质水平。出生时的体重反映了胎儿生命期间的产品生长轨迹。低出生体重被认为是不良生长轨迹的结果，并且通常与成年后的代谢疾病有关。但是，必须考虑产前生长轨迹、婴儿期早期快速生长（追赶性生长）、儿童期早期肥胖反弹的总和，以确定成年后疾病的起源。该综述的重点是营养印记对互补的激素和表观遗传机制的调节。 HPA 轴和 GH-IGF 轴可能在营养规划诱导的调节中发挥至关重要的作用。这种持续的变化似乎至少部分是产前和产后早期发育“关键时期”胰岛素水平升高的结果。此外，瘦素似乎在这个复杂的系统中发挥着重要作用。关于这些机制的新知识表明在出生前和/或出生后开发新的、合理的和有效的预防和/或治疗选择。因此，婴儿早期可能提供旨在降低后期疾病风险的干预机会。
Nutritional programming, regulation and some ways for prevention/treatment to ameliorate or normalize adverse outcomes of programming are discussed. Epidemiological studies in human and animal experiments showed that nutrition during fetal and neonatal life may lead to related disorders in adulthood. But several argues may question its validity arising the question of the adequate models used to reproduce human situations. Protein level in milk formula intake by infant during neonatal life is discussed. Body weight at birth reflects the product growth trajectory during fetal life. Low birth weight is considered as the result of an adverse growth trajectory and is often associated with later metabolic diseases in adult age. But, the sum of prenatal growth trajectory, rapid growth in early infancy (catch up growth), early adiposity rebound in childhood must be considered to determine the origins of later diseases in adulthood. The review focuses the regulation of nutritional imprinting on hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms which are complementary. The HPA axis and GH-IGF axis may have a crucial role in the regulation induced by nutritional programming. The persistent alterations seem to be a consequence, at least in part, of elevated insulin levels during "critical periods" of pre- and early postnatal development. Also, leptin seems to play an important role in this complex system. New knowledge about these mechanisms involved suggest the development of new, rational, and effective preventive and/or therapeutic options before and/or after birth. Thus, early infancy may provide an opportunity for intervention aimed at reducing later disease risk.