Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: moving from correlation to causation
Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: moving from correlation to causation
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DOI：
10.1002/wcs.1176
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发表时间：
2012-05-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Magnuson, Katherine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duncan, Greg J.;Magnuson, Katherine
越来越多的认知研究使用复杂的行为和神经成像测量来证明家庭社会经济地位（SES）和特定认知功能之间的关联。我们认为，在这些类型的研究的价值增加复杂的测量和建模的SES。关于测量，SES结合了几个组成部分，其中每一个代表不同的资源，可能有利于儿童的认知发展，以不同的方式。使用综合SES复合材料的研究的政策影响是有问题的，因为没有治疗，以提高整体SES，虽然政策比比皆是，以提高特定的组成部分，如家庭收入的SES。过去的文献提供了关于如何最好地衡量每个SES组件的指导。关于建模，我们指出，经济，教育和职业成分的SES的可操作性各不相同，这提供了机会，产生实验或准实验的变化，而不是其他组件。SES组件和儿童的结果之间的因果关系的证据进行了总结。涉及操纵家庭收入的实验和准实验研究都表明了与一些认知措施的一致关联。准实验性的母亲教育的增加也显示出与儿童成就的联系。最后，我们讨论了有用的方向，在SES相关的认知研究。WIREs Cogn Sci 2012，3：377386。doi：10.1002/wcs.1176
A growing body of cognitive research uses sophisticated behavioral and neuroimaging measurements to demonstrate associations between family socioeconomic status (SES) and specific cognitive functions. We argue for the value in these kinds of studies of increased sophistication in the measurement and modeling of SES. With regard to measurement, SES combines several components, each of which represents distinct resources that might benefit children's cognitive development in different ways. Policy implications of studies using omnibus SES composites are problematic because there are no treatments for enhancing overall SES, although policies abound for enhancing specific components of SES such as family income. Past literature offers guidance regarding how best to measure each of the SES components. With regard to modeling, we point out that the manipulability of economic, educational, and occupational components of SES varies, which provides opportunities for generating experimental or quasi-experimental variation in some components but not others. Evidence on the causal connections between SES components and child outcomes is summarized. Both experimental and quasi-experimental studies involving manipulation of family income have demonstrated consistent associations with a number of cognitive measures. Quasi-experimental increases in maternal education have also shown associations with child achievement. We end with a discussion of useful directions in SES-related cognitive research. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:377386. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1176