Infants Understand Others' Needs
Infants Understand Others' Needs
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DOI：
10.1177/0956797615627426
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发表时间：
2016-04-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Kaertner, Joscha
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Koester, Moritz;Ohmer, Xenia;Kaertner, Joscha
婴儿在出生后的第二年开始帮助他人。然而，尚不清楚早期帮助行为是否基于对他人需求的理解，因此是否出于亲社会动机。在目前的眼动追踪研究中，9- 18个月大的婴儿（N = 71）看到一个角色需要帮助，由于障碍无法达到目标，第二个角色能够自己实现目标。当第三个人（帮助者）发起一个行动时，婴儿期望帮助者帮助有需要的角色（正如在期待和违反期望阶段所表明的那样）。他们的亲社会理解在不同年龄组之间没有差异，也与他们的帮助行为无关（用两个行为任务来衡量）。因此，婴儿甚至在开始自己帮助别人之前就能理解别人的需求。这表明早期的帮助可能确实是出于亲社会动机，并提出了一个问题，即哪些其他能力是帮助行为的个体发生的基础。
Infants begin to help other individuals in the second year of life. However, it is still unclear whether early helping behavior is based on an understanding of other individuals' needs and is thus motivated prosocially. In the present eye-tracking study, 9- to 18-month-old infants (N = 71) saw a character in need of help, unable to reach its goal because of an obstacle, and a second character that was able to achieve a goal on its own. When a third individual (a helper) initiated an action, the infants expected the helper to help the character in need (as indicated during the anticipatory-looking and violation-of-expectation phases). Their prosocial understanding did not differ between age groups and was not related to their helping behavior (measured in two behavioral tasks). Thus, infants understand other individuals' needs even before they start to help others themselves. This indicates that early helping may indeed be motivated prosocially and raises the question of which other competences underlie the ontogeny of helping behavior.