Neuroimaging of the dopamine/reward system in adolescent drug use.
Neuroimaging of the dopamine/reward system in adolescent drug use.
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DOI：
10.1017/s1092852915000395
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发表时间：
2015-08
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Luciana M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ernst M;Luciana M
青春期的特点是冒险行为增多，包括滥用药物。这些行为模式受到神经递质系统的个体变化的影响，特别是多巴胺系统，它从根本上参与奖励和动机接近行为的神经编码。在青春期，该系统的活动达到高峰。与此同时，多巴胺系统因药物滥用而发生神经塑性改变，影响后续功能。在这里，我们描述了多巴胺系统的特性，这些特性随着典型的青少年发育而变化，并随着药物滥用而改变。由于测量儿科样本中多巴胺的局限性，这项工作大部分是从动物模型中收集的。结构和功能神经影像技术已被用来检查严重 DA 神经支配的结构；他们测量形态和功能随年龄和药物暴露的变化。以大麻滥用为例，我们认为最近的研究结果支持了青少年 DA 驱动的寻求奖励行为的高峰以及与大麻滥用/依赖相关的动机系统的相关偏差。建议临床医生：(1) 青少年长期吸食大麻可能会导致激励动机不足，(2) 这种状态是由于大麻与发育中的 DA 系统相互作用所致，(3) 治疗策略应旨在纠正目标导向活动中由此产生的缺陷。
Adolescence is characterized by heightened risk-taking, including substance misuse. These behavioral patterns are influenced by ontogenic changes in neurotransmitter systems, particularly the dopamine system, which is fundamentally involved in the neural coding of reward and motivated approach behavior. During adolescence, this system evidences a peak in activity. At the same time, the dopamine system is neuroplastically altered by substance abuse, impacting subsequent function. Here, we describe properties of the dopamine system that change with typical adolescent development and that are altered with substance abuse. Much of this work has been gleaned from animal models due to limitations in measuring dopamine in pediatric samples. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to examine structures that are heavily DA-innervated; they measure morphological and functional changes with age and with drug exposure. Presenting marijuana abuse as an exemplar, we consider recent findings that support an adolescent peak in DA-driven reward-seeking behavior and related deviations in motivational systems that are associated with marijuana abuse/dependence. Clinicians are advised that (1) chronic adolescent marijuana use may lead to deficiencies in incentive motivation, (2) that this state is due to marijuana’s interactions with the developing DA system, and (3) that treatment strategies should be directed to remediating resultant deficiencies in goal-directed activity.