ATTACHMENT FACTORS
ATTACHMENT FACTORS
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4614-7651-1_1
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sattentau, Quentin J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jolly, Clare L.;Sattentau, Quentin J.
作为专性细胞内寄生虫，病毒必须结合并进入允许的宿主细胞，才能进入其复制所需的细胞机制。迄今为止已发现的大量哺乳动物病毒反映了这样一个事实：几乎每种人类和动物细胞类型都是一种或通常不止一种病毒的感染目标。由于病毒已经适应了以某些细胞类型为目标进行繁殖，因此细胞趋向性具有微妙的特异性。这种特异性经常（但并非总是）由病毒复制周期的第一步介导：病毒表面蛋白与易感细胞上表达的受体结合。病毒受体可以是蛋白质、碳水化合物和/或脂质。许多病毒可以使用多个附着受体，并且实际上可以顺序地接合多个受体来感染细胞。因此，区分附着受体和进入受体是有用的，附着受体只是让病毒在细胞的限制膜上立足，而进入受体则介导将病毒基因组递送到细胞质中。对于某些病毒来说，促进与允许的细胞结合的附着因子已经非常明确，但触发病毒进入的事件序列现在才开始被了解。对于其他病毒，尽管做出了许多努力，受体仍然难以捉摸。在本章中，我们将把我们的评论限制在感染哺乳动物的病毒上，特别关注人类病原体。我们并不打算对病毒附着受体进行详尽的概述；相反，我们将采取一些充分表征的病毒-受体相互作用的例子，讨论支持证据，并强调该领域的任何争议和不确定性。然后，我们将反思病毒附着的一般原则，考虑这些原则的一些例外情况，并为未来的研究提出一些建议。
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses must bind to, and enter, permissive host cells in order to gain access to the cellular machinery that is required for their replication. The very large number of mammalian viruses identified to date is reflected in the fact that almost every human and animal cell type is a target for infection by one, or commonly more than one, species of virus. As viruses have adapted to target certain cell types for their propagation, there is exquisite specificity in cellular tropism. This specificity is frequently, but not always, mediated by the first step in the viral replication cycle: attachment of viral surface proteins to receptors expressed on susceptible cells. Viral receptors may be protein, carbohydrate, and/or lipid. Many viruses can use more than one attachment receptor, and indeed may sequentially engage multiple receptors to infect a cell. Thus, it is useful to differentiate between attachment receptors, that simply allow viruses a foothold at the limiting membrane of a cell, and entry receptors that mediate delivery the viral genome into the cytoplasm. For some viruses the attachment factors that promote binding to permissive cells are very well defined, but the sequence of events that triggers viral entry is only now beginning to be understood. For other viruses, despite many efforts, the receptors remain elusive. In this chapter we will confine our review to viruses that infect mammals, with particular focus on human pathogens. We do not intend that this will be an exhaustive overview of viral attachment receptors; instead we will take a number of examples of well-characterized virus-receptor interactions, discuss supporting evidence, and highlight any controversies and uncertainties in the field. We will then conclude with a reflection on general principles of viral attachment, consider some exceptions to these principles, and make some suggestion for future research.