Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview
Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104
复制
发表时间：
2020-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Scheidel;Daniela Del Bene;Juan Liu;Grettel Navas;S. Mingorría;F. Demaria;Sofía Avila;B. Roy;I. Ertör;L. Temper;J. Martínez-Alier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Scheidel;Daniela Del Bene;Juan Liu;Grettel Navas;S. Mingorría;F. Demaria;Sofía Avila;B. Roy;I. Ertör;L. Temper;J. Martínez-Alier
最近的研究和政策承认环境维护者对全球可持续性的重要性，并强调需要保护他们免受暴力和压迫。然而，更系统地了解潜在的环境冲突，以及更好地了解使环境维护者能够成功动员起来的因素，可能有助于提供有效的支持。我们创建了全球环境正义地图集，以解决这一知识差距。在这里，我们提出了一个大n分析2743例，揭示了环境冲突的特点和环境卫士参与，以及成功的动员战略。我们发现，自下而上动员更可持续和社会公正的使用环境发生在世界各地的所有收入群体，证明了全球存在的各种形式的基层环保主义作为一个有前途的可持续发展的力量。环境维护者往往是弱势群体的成员，他们主要采用非暴力的抗议形式。在全球11%的案例中，他们帮助阻止了破坏环境和社会冲突的项目，保护了环境和生计。结合预防性动员、抗议多样化和诉讼战略，可以将成功率显著提高到27%。然而，人权维护者在全球范围内也面临着较高的刑事定罪率（占案件的20%）、人身暴力（18%）和暗杀（13%），当涉及土著人民时，这一比例显著上升。我们的研究结果呼吁采取有针对性的行动，以改善成功动员的条件，并为土著环境维护者提供具体支持。
Recent research and policies recognize the importance of environmental defenders for global sustainability and emphasize their need for protection against violence and repression. However, effective support may benefit from a more systematic understanding of the underlying environmental conflicts, as well as from better knowledge on the factors that enable environmental defenders to mobilize successfully. We have created the global Environmental Justice Atlas to address this knowledge gap. Here we present a large-n analysis of 2743 cases that sheds light on the characteristics of environmental conflicts and the environmental defenders involved, as well as on successful mobilization strategies. We find that bottom-up mobilizations for more sustainable and socially just uses of the environment occur worldwide across all income groups, testifying to the global existence of various forms of grassroots environmentalism as a promising force for sustainability. Environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who employ largely non-violent protest forms. In 11% of cases globally, they contributed to halt environmentally destructive and socially conflictive projects, defending the environment and livelihoods. Combining strategies of preventive mobilization, protest diversification and litigation can increase this success rate significantly to up to 27%. However, defenders face globally also high rates of criminalization (20% of cases), physical violence (18%), and assassinations (13%), which significantly increase when Indigenous people are involved. Our results call for targeted actions to enhance the conditions enabling successful mobilizations, and for specific support for Indigenous environmental defenders.