Carbonatites and Alkaline Igneous Rocks in Post-Collisional Settings: Storehouses of Rare Earth Elements
Carbonatites and Alkaline Igneous Rocks in Post-Collisional Settings: Storehouses of Rare Earth Elements
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DOI：
10.1007/s12583-021-1500-5
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发表时间：
2021-08
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
K. Goodenough;E. Deady;C. Beard;S. Broom-Fendley;H. Elliott;Frederick van den Berg;H. Öztürk
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Goodenough;E. Deady;C. Beard;S. Broom-Fendley;H. Elliott;Frederick van den Berg;H. Öztürk
稀土元素（REE）是许多现代技术的关键原材料，尤其是对能源转型至关重要的可再生能源基础设施和电动汽车。世界上许多最大的稀土矿床产于碱性岩石和碳酸盐岩中，这些岩石和碳酸盐岩存在于陆内、裂谷相关环境中，也存在于碰撞前后的环境中。碰撞后环境具有重要的稀土矿床，如中国冕宁-德昌带。本文综述了世界范围内同-碰撞后碱性碳酸岩杂岩中稀土矿化特征，以揭示该类矿床的一些重要物理化学特征。我们用苏格兰、纳米比亚和土耳其的三个例子来说明这些系统的结构。我们回顾了已发表的地球化学数据，并利用这些数据建立了碰撞后碱碳酸岩复合体中稀土矿物系统的广泛模型。富碳酸盐岩浆与流体的不混相作用在成矿作用中起着重要作用，REE、Ba、F等元素进入富碳酸盐相。碰撞后碱性-碳酸盐岩杂岩体中最显著的稀土矿化发生在浅层碳热液或碳酸盐岩侵入体中，但更深的碳酸盐岩体及其蚀变带也可能有稀土富集。
The rare earth elements (REE) are critical raw materials for much of modern technology, particularly renewable energy infrastructure and electric vehicles that are vital for the energy transition. Many of the world’s largest REE deposits occur in alkaline rocks and carbonatites, which are found in intracontinental, rift-related settings, and also in syn- to post-collisional settings. Post-collisional settings host significant REE deposits, such as those of the Mianning-Dechang belt in China. This paper reviews REE mineralization in syn- to post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes worldwide, in order to demonstrate some of the key physical and chemical features of these deposits. We use three examples, in Scotland, Namibia, and Turkey, to illustrate the structure of these systems. We review published geochemical data and use these to build up a broad model for the REE mineral system in post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes. It is evident that immiscibility of carbonate-rich magmas and fluids plays an important part in generating mineralization in these settings, with REE, Ba and F partitioning into the carbonate-rich phase. The most significant REE mineralization in post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes occurs in shallow-level, carbothermal or carbonatite intrusions, but deeper carbonatite bodies and associated alteration zones may also have REE enrichment.