Cry-wolf signals emerging from coevolutionary feedbacks in a tritrophic system.
Cry-wolf signals emerging from coevolutionary feedbacks in a tritrophic system.
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三营养系统中共同进化反馈产生的狼嚎信号。
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2015.2169
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. W. Sabelis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Yamauchi;M. van Baalen;Y. Kobayashi;J. Takabayashi;K. Shiojiri;M. W. Sabelis
对于一个稳定的通信系统来说，信标应该传达诚实的信息。然而，提供不诚实的信息可能对恶意软件有利，这对通信系统的发展施加了约束。除了单种群和双营养系统之外，人们可能会问，稳定的通信系统是否可以在多营养系统中进化。考虑跨物种信号，其中食草动物诱导的植物挥发物（HIPVs）吸引捕食者，以减少节肢动物食草动物的损害。这种植物信号可能是诚实的，并帮助捕食者通过HIPV组成来识别有利可图的猎物/植物类型，并通过HIPV的数量来评估猎物密度。可能存在对不诚实信号的选择，这些信号吸引捕食者以保护他们免受未来可能的食草动物的侵害。最近，我们描述了一种情况下，植物释放一个固定的，高量的HIPVs独立于草食动物负载，采用我们标记的“哭狼”的策略。为了了解这些信号何时演变，我们模拟了植物，食草动物和捕食者之间的共同进化相互作用，并表明“诚实”和“哭泣的狼”类型都可以出现，这取决于假设的植物-食草动物相遇率和食草动物种群密度。这表明，“哭狼”战略可能已经演变，以减少在未来的重大损害的风险。我们的模型表明，涉及第三个物种的生态进化反馈回路可能会对这一结果的稳定性产生重要影响。
For a communication system to be stable, senders should convey honest information. Providing dishonest information, however, can be advantageous to senders, which imposes a constraint on the evolution of communication systems. Beyond single populations and bitrophic systems, one may ask whether stable communication systems can evolve in multitrophic systems. Consider cross-species signalling where herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) attract predators to reduce the damage from arthropod herbivores. Such plant signals may be honest and help predators to identify profitable prey/plant types via HIPV composition and to assess prey density via the amount of HIPVs. There could be selection for dishonest signals that attract predators for protection from possible future herbivory. Recently, we described a case in which plants release a fixed, high amount of HIPVs independent of herbivore load, adopting what we labelled a ‘cry-wolf’ strategy. To understand when such signals evolve, we model coevolutionary interactions between plants, herbivores and predators, and show that both ‘honest’ and ‘cry-wolf’ types can emerge, depending on the assumed plant–herbivore encounter rates and herbivore population density. It is suggested that the ‘cry-wolf’ strategy may have evolved to reduce the risk of heavy damage in the future. Our model suggests that eco-evolutionary feedback loops involving a third species may have important consequences for the stability of this outcome.