Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome.
Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome.
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对人类微生物群的研究表明，即使是健康的人，在肠道、皮肤和阴道等栖息地的微生物也有显著不同。尽管饮食、环境、宿主遗传学和早期微生物暴露都与这种多样性有关，但这种多样性仍有很大一部分原因无法解释。因此，为了描述与人类相关的微生物群落的生态特征，人类微生物组项目分析了迄今为止最大的队列和一组不同的、具有临床意义的身体栖息地。我们发现，即使在健康的受试者中，每个栖息地标志性微生物的多样性和丰度也有很大的差异，无论是在个体内部还是在个体之间，都具有很强的生态位专业性。该项目遇到了由健康的西部微生物群占据的大约81-99%的属、酶家族和群落结构。代谢途径的元基因组携带在个体之间是稳定的，尽管群落结构不同，种族/种族背景被证明是代谢途径和微生物与临床元数据最强的关联之一。因此，这些结果描绘了健康人群微生物群落中正常的结构和功能配置的范围，使未来能够表征人类微生物组的流行病学、生态学和翻译应用。
Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin, and vagina. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics, and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. Accordingly, to characterize the ecology of human-associated microbial communities, the Human Microbiome Project has analyzed the largest cohort and set of distinct, clinically relevant body habitats to date. We found the diversity and abundance of each habitat’s signature microbes to vary widely even among healthy subjects, with strong niche specialization both within and among individuals. The project encountered an estimated 81–99% of the genera, enzyme families, and community configurations occupied by the healthy Western microbiome. Metagenomic carriage of metabolic pathways was stable among individuals despite variation in community structure, and ethnic/racial background proved to be one of the strongest associations of both pathways and microbes with clinical metadata. These results thus delineate the range of structural and functional configurations normal in the microbial communities of a healthy population, enabling future characterization of the epidemiology, ecology, and translational applications of the human microbiome.